Heart disease remains the No. 1 killer in America; nearly half of all Americans have high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or smoke\u2014some of the leading risk factors for heart disease\u2026<\/p>\n
\u2014Murphy et al., 2018<\/p>\n
Despite the high mortality rates associated with cardiovascular disorders, improved treatment options do exist that can help address those risk factors that afflict the majority of the population today.<\/p>\n
As an advanced practice nurse, it is your responsibility to recommend appropriate treatment options for patients with cardiovascular disorders. To ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug therapy, advanced practice nurses must consider aspects that might influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes such as medical history, other drugs currently prescribed, and individual patient factors.<\/p>\n
Reference: Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., Kochanek, K. D., & Arias, E. (2018). Mortality in the United States, 2017. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db328.htm PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS<\/p>\n
BN is a 74-year-old African American male who is seeing his PCP because he noticed when he woke up that his \u201cheart was not beating right; it feels like it is going to slow.\u201d He denies chest pain, SOB, N\/V. He notes feeling dizzy earlier in the day. 6 weeks earlier his PCP started him on Diltiazem CD to further lower his BP to goal. His Metoprolol was lowered at that time as well from 75 mg to 50 mg BID. His PCP recommends he be admitted to the hospital.<\/p>\n
Upon presentation to the hospital:<\/p>\n
PMH:<\/p>\n
\u00b7 HTN x 7 years<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Type II DM<\/p>\n
\u00b7 CAD s\/p angioplasty 2 years ago<\/p>\n
\u00b7 MI 3 years ago<\/p>\n
\u00b7 EF = 60%<\/p>\n
\u00b7 PVD s\/p left femoral to posterior bypass<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Hx of A Fib x 4 years<\/p>\n
Medications:<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Digoxin 0.25 mg QD KCl 40 mEq QD Vitamin C 500 mg QD<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Diltiazem CD 180 mg QD ASA EC 325 mg QD Vitamin E 400 IU QD<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Metoprolol 5- mg BID Warfarin 5 mg QD Ibuprofen 200 mg 2 tabs prn headache<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Lisinopril 20 mg QD Famotidine 20 mg QHS Multivitamin QD<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Imdur 30 mg QD Lantus 26u QHS Ca++\/Vit D 500mg\/200 IU BID<\/p>\n
\u00b7 HCTZ 12.5 mg QD Humalog 8u with meals<\/p>\n
PE:<\/p>\n
\u00b7 BP 110\/50 Pulse 38 bpm Resp 14\/min<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Rest of physical exam unremarkable<\/p>\n
Labs:<\/p>\n
\u00b7 K+ 6.9 WBC 5,800\/mm3<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Na+ 135 Hct 35%<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Cr 1.9 Dig 2.78<\/p>\n
\u00b7 BUN 35 INR 2.3<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Gluc 10<\/p>\n
Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Explain how the factor you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient from the case study you were assigned.<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Describe how changes in the processes might impact the patient\u2019s recommended drug therapy. Be specific and provide examples.<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Explain how you might improve the patient\u2019s drug therapy plan and explain why you would make these recommended improvements<\/p>\n
To Prepare<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Review the Resources for this module and consider the impact of potential pharmacotherapeutics for cardiovascular disorders introduced in the media piece.<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Review the case study assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment.<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Select one the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior factors.<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Reflect on how the factor you selected might influence the patient\u2019s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Consider how changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes might impact the patient\u2019s recommended drug therapy.<\/p>\n
\u00b7 Think about how you might improve the patient\u2019s drug therapy plan based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Reflect on whether you would modify the current drug treatment or provide an alternative treatment option for the patient.<\/p>\n
References<\/p>\n
https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db328.htm<\/p>\n
Age as a Factor in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
\nAs the patient is 74 years old, age is an important factor to consider in his pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. The kidneys and liver, which are responsible for drug metabolism and excretion, tend to decline in function with age (Gandhi et al., 2019). Specifically, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate decrease with age, resulting in reduced clearance of renally eliminated drugs like digoxin, metformin, and diltiazem (Murphy et al., 2016).
\nAdditionally, total body water and fat composition change with age. As people age, total body water decreases while fat composition increases. This alters the volume of distribution for water-soluble and fat-soluble drugs (Gandhi et al., 2019). The patient’s age therefore impacts how his body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes and excretes his current medications.
\nImpact on Drug Therapy
\nReduced renal clearance puts the patient at higher risk for drug accumulation, adverse effects and toxicity from drugs like digoxin and diltiazem that are renally eliminated (Murphy et al., 2016). His elevated potassium level of 6.9 suggests digoxin toxicity has occurred, likely due to reduced clearance in his advanced age. Additionally, the decreased metabolism of drugs by the liver could result in higher than intended drug levels for medications metabolized this way.
\nRecommended Improvements
\nGiven his age-related changes in pharmacokinetics, several adjustments could be made to his drug therapy plan. First, his digoxin dose should be decreased or the drug discontinued to avoid further toxicity. Second, his diltiazem dose may need to be reduced to avoid excess accumulation over time. Third, more frequent monitoring of renal function, electrolytes, and drug levels is prudent given his increased risk for adverse effects. Finally, an alternative to diltiazem such as a beta-blocker could be considered given concerns about its clearance in his older age. Close monitoring and individualized dosing based on pharmacokinetic changes will be important to safely continue his cardiovascular drug therapy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Heart disease remains the No. 1 killer in America; nearly half of all Americans have high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or smoke\u2014some of the leading risk factors for heart disease\u2026 \u2014Murphy et al., 2018 Despite the high mortality rates associated with cardiovascular disorders, improved treatment options do exist that can help address those risk factors […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9350,10946],"tags":[11724,10478,11725,1402],"class_list":["post-136069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-pharmacodynamics-and-pharmacokinetics","category-pharmacotherapy","tag-age-as-a-factor-in-pharmacokinetics-and-pharmacodynamics","tag-do-my-assignment","tag-pharmacokinetics-and-pharmacodynamics","tag-write-a-paper"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/assessments\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136069","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/assessments\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/assessments\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/assessments\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/assessments\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=136069"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/assessments\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136069\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":136072,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/assessments\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136069\/revisions\/136072"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/assessments\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=136069"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/assessments\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=136069"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/assessments\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=136069"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}