Assignment: Assessing, Diagnosing, and Treating Endocrine, Metabolic, and Nutritional Disorders
\nLike many disorders affecting other systems, those related to endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional concerns have specific considerations for geriatric populations. Accurate history taking of symptoms associated with these disorders is essential for completing an assessment of the older adult, since onset of symptoms (for example, with some endocrine disorders) may appear more subtly than those in younger patients. It can also be difficult to determine onset and severity of illness in older adults.<\/p>\n
Keep in mind special considerations for older adults as you complete your case analysis and SOAP note on endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders.<\/p>\n
Photo Credit: [Mark Hatfield]\/[iStock \/ Getty Images Plus]\/Getty Images<\/p>\n
To prepare:<\/p>\n
Review the case study provided by your Instructor.
\nReflect on the patient\u2019s symptoms and aspects of disorders that may be present.
\nConsider how you might assess, perform diagnostic tests, and recommend medications to treat patients presenting with the symptoms in the case.
\nAccess the Focused SOAP Note Template in this week\u2019s Resources.
\nThe Assignment:<\/p>\n
Complete the Focused SOAP Note Template provided for the patient in the case study. Be sure to address the following:<\/p>\n
Subjective: What was the patient\u2019s subjective complaint? What details did the patient provide regarding their history of present illness and personal and medical history? Include a list of prescription and over-the-counter drugs the patient is currently taking. Compare this list to the American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria\u00ae, and consider alternative drugs if appropriate. Provide a review of systems.
\nObjective: What observations did you note from the physical assessment? What were the lab, imaging, or functional assessments results?
\nAssessment: Provide a minimum of three differential diagnoses. List them from top priority to least priority. Compare the diagnostic criteria for each, and explain what rules each differential in or out. Explain you critical thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case.
\nPlan: Provide a detailed treatment plan for the patient that addresses each diagnosis, as applicable. Include documentation of diagnostic studies that will be obtained, referrals to other health-care providers, therapeutic interventions, education, disposition of the patient, caregiver support, and any planned follow-up visits. Provide a discussion of health promotion and disease prevention for the patient, taking into consideration patient factors, past medical history (PMH), and other risk factors. Finally, include a reflection statement on the case that describes insights or lessons learned.
\nProvide at least three evidence-based peer-reviewed journal articles or evidenced-based guidelines, which relate to this case to support your diagnostics and differentials diagnoses. Be sure they are current (no more than 5 years old) and support the treatment plan in following current standards of care. Follow Help write my thesis – APA 7th edition formatting.<\/p>\n
The two to choose from
\nWEEK 9 CASES: CHOOSE ONE for your SOAP note.<\/p>\n
Week 9 Case 1: Low Blood Sugar<\/p>\n
HPI: Ms. Lewis is a 63-year-old female who comes into your office with concerns of low blood sugar in the morning, fasting. She reports seeing blood sugar as low as 50 fasting in the mornings for the last few weeks. She has a known history of Diabetes, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, and Chronic Osteoarthritis. She also reports elevated blood pressures. Her blood pressure at presentation is 165\/90.<\/p>\n
RESOURCE FOR THIS WEEK: Review endocrine-related Evidence Based Practice Guidelines.<\/p>\n
Ms. Lewis is a 63 y\/o female who is alert awake oriented to time, place, situation. She makes no unusual motor movements and demonstrates no tics. She denies any visual or auditory hallucinations. She denies any suicidal thoughts or ideations. She denies any falls, denies any pain.<\/p>\n
(All other Review of System and Physical Exam findings are negative other than stated. Please document negative findings as you would with a real patient instead of writing \u2018normal\u2019 or \u2018negative\u2019)<\/p>\n
Vital Signs: BP 165\/90, HR 89, RR 20, Temp 98.1 Weight:____BMI:___<\/p>\n
PMH: Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes, Chronic Osteoarthritis<\/p>\n
Allergies: Penicillin, lisinopril: list reactions<\/p>\n
Medications:<\/p>\n
Women\u2019s One A Day-Multivitamin daily<\/p>\n
Chlorthalidone 25mg daily<\/p>\n
Fish Oil 1 tablet daily<\/p>\n
Amlodipine 5mg p.o. daily<\/p>\n
Atorvastatin 40mg p.o. at bedtime daily<\/p>\n
Novolog 10 units with meals TID<\/p>\n
Aspirin 81mg p.o. daily<\/p>\n
Lantus 25 units Subcutaneous nightly<\/p>\n
Ergocalciferol 50,000 units PO once a month<\/p>\n
Social History: as stated in Case Study.<\/p>\n
ROS: as stated in Case study<\/p>\n
Diagnostics\/Assessments done:<\/p>\n
CXR- Last CXR showed no cardiopulmonary findings. Within normal limits.
\nBasic Metabolic Panel and CBC as shown below.
\nVitamin D Level- as noted below in lab results.
\nTEST<\/p>\n
RESULT<\/p>\n
REFERENCE RANGE<\/p>\n
GLUCOSE<\/p>\n
85<\/p>\n
65-99<\/p>\n
SODIUM<\/p>\n
134<\/p>\n
135-146<\/p>\n
POTASSIUM<\/p>\n
4.2<\/p>\n
3.5-5.3<\/p>\n
CHLORIDE<\/p>\n
104<\/p>\n
98-110<\/p>\n
CARBON DIOXIDE<\/p>\n
29<\/p>\n
19-30<\/p>\n
CALCIUM<\/p>\n
9.0<\/p>\n
8.6- 10.3<\/p>\n
BUN<\/p>\n
20<\/p>\n
7-25<\/p>\n
CREATININE<\/p>\n
1.01<\/p>\n
0.70-1.25<\/p>\n
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (eGFR)<\/p>\n
76<\/p>\n
>or=60 mL\/min\/1.73m2<\/p>\n
TEST<\/p>\n
RESULT<\/p>\n
REFERENCE RANGE<\/p>\n
Vitamin D 1,25 OH<\/p>\n
58<\/p>\n
36-144<\/p>\n
TEST<\/p>\n
RESULT<\/p>\n
REFERENCE RANGE<\/p>\n
WBC<\/p>\n
7.3<\/p>\n
3.4- 10.8<\/p>\n
RBC<\/p>\n
4.31<\/p>\n
135-146<\/p>\n
HEMOGLOBIN<\/p>\n
14<\/p>\n
13-17.2<\/p>\n
HEMATOCRIT<\/p>\n
42%<\/p>\n
36-50<\/p>\n
MCV<\/p>\n
90<\/p>\n
80-100<\/p>\n
MCHC<\/p>\n
34<\/p>\n
32-36<\/p>\n
PLATELET<\/p>\n
272<\/p>\n
150-400<\/p>\n
(All other Review of System and Physical Exam findings are negative other than stated. Please describe what your negative ROS and PE findings would be rather than writing \u2018negative\u201d or \u201cnormal\u201d)<\/p>\n
CASE 2:<\/p>\n
HPI: Ms. Juggenmeir is a 71-year-old Female who comes into your office with concerns of fatigue and dry skin. She is a retired Banker. She is alert awake oriented to time, place, situation, ambulatory, and lives by herself. She does report increased fatigue no matter how much sleep she gets. She is also concerned that she may need to come off one of her meds because her hair is thinning. She had labs done and was informed they would review results at this visit. Other pertinent diagnoses include Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, and Vitamin D deficiency. She admits to not taking her vitamin D daily as prescribed.<\/p>\n
RESOURCE FOR THIS WEEK: Review Endocrine-related Evidence Based Practice Guidelines.<\/p>\n
Ms. Juggenmeir is a 71 y\/o female who is alert awake oriented to time, place, situation. She makes no unusual motor movements and demonstrates no tics. She denies any visual or auditory hallucinations. She denies any suicidal thoughts or ideations. She denies any falls or pain.<\/p>\n
(All other Review of System and Physical Exam findings are negative other than stated. Please document negative findings as you would with a real patient instead of writing \u2018normal\u2019 or \u2018negative\u2019)<\/p>\n
Vital Signs: BP 137\/82, HR 89, RR 20, Temp 98.1 Weight:____BMI:___<\/p>\n
PMH: Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Vitamin D deficiency<\/p>\n
Allergies: I.V. Contrast, ACE Inhibitors \u2013 list reactions to each<\/p>\n
Medications:<\/p>\n
Women\u2019s One A Day-Multivitamin daily<\/p>\n
Chlorthalidone 25mg daily<\/p>\n
Fish Oil 1 tablet daily<\/p>\n
Amlodipine 5mg p.o. daily<\/p>\n
Losartan 100mg p.o. daily<\/p>\n
Atorvastatin 40mg p.o. at bedtime daily<\/p>\n
Aspirin 81mg p.o. daily<\/p>\n
Ergocalciferol 50,000 units PO once a month<\/p>\n
Social History: as stated in Case Study.<\/p>\n
ROS: as stated in Case study<\/p>\n
Diagnostics\/Assessments done:<\/p>\n
CXR- Last CXR showed no cardiopulmonary findings. WNL
\nTSH\/Free T4, T3- as noted below in lab results.
\nBasic Metabolic Panel and CBC as shown below.
\nVitamin D Level- as noted below in lab results.
\nTEST<\/p>\n
RESULT<\/p>\n
REFERENCE RANGE<\/p>\n
GLUCOSE<\/p>\n
85<\/p>\n
65-99<\/p>\n
SODIUM<\/p>\n
134<\/p>\n
135-146<\/p>\n
POTASSIUM<\/p>\n
4.2<\/p>\n
3.5-5.3<\/p>\n
CHLORIDE<\/p>\n
104<\/p>\n
98-110<\/p>\n
CARBON DIOXIDE<\/p>\n
29<\/p>\n
19-30<\/p>\n
CALCIUM<\/p>\n
9.0<\/p>\n
8.6- 10.3<\/p>\n
BUN<\/p>\n
20<\/p>\n
7-25<\/p>\n
CREATININE<\/p>\n
1.01<\/p>\n
0.70-1.25<\/p>\n
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (eGFR)<\/p>\n
76<\/p>\n
>or=60 mL\/min\/1.73m2<\/p>\n
TEST<\/p>\n
RESULT<\/p>\n
REFERENCE RANGE<\/p>\n
TSH<\/p>\n
23<\/p>\n
0.4-4.0<\/p>\n
FREE T4<\/p>\n
0.05<\/p>\n
0.9-2.4 mcg\/dl<\/p>\n
T3<\/p>\n
3.0<\/p>\n
2.0-4.4 ng\/dl<\/p>\n
Vitamin D 1,25 OH<\/p>\n
14<\/p>\n
36-144<\/p>\n
TEST<\/p>\n
RESULT<\/p>\n
REFERENCE RANGE<\/p>\n
WBC<\/p>\n
7.3<\/p>\n
3.4- 10.8<\/p>\n
RBC<\/p>\n
4.31<\/p>\n
135-146<\/p>\n
HEMOGLOBIN<\/p>\n
14<\/p>\n
13-17.2<\/p>\n
HEMATOCRIT<\/p>\n
42%<\/p>\n
36-50<\/p>\n
MCV<\/p>\n
90<\/p>\n
80-100<\/p>\n
MCHC<\/p>\n
34<\/p>\n
32-36<\/p>\n
PLATELET<\/p>\n
272<\/p>\n
150-400<\/p>\n
Resources that need to be used<\/p>\n
Kennedy-Malone, L., Martin-Plank, L., & Duffy, E. (2019). Endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders. In Advanced practice nursing in the care of older adults (2nd ed., pp. 361\u2013406). F. A. Davis.<\/p>\n
American Diabetes Association. (2020). Glycemic targets: Standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142020. Diabetes Care, 43(Suppl. 1), S66\u2013S76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc20-S006<\/p>\n
Munshi, M., Nathan, D. M., Schmader, K. E., Mulder, J. E., & Givens, J. (2019). Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the older patient. UpToDate. Retrieved June 8, 2020, from https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/treatment-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-in-the-older-patient<\/p>\n
NIH National Institute on Aging. (2017). Basics of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementia: What is Alzheimer’s disease? [Multimedia file]. https:\/\/www.nia.nih.gov\/health\/what-alzheimers-disease<\/p>\n
Document: Focused SOAP Note Template (Word Document)<\/p>\n
Required Media (click to expand\/reduce)<\/p>\n
Recommended Media (click to expand\/reduce)
\n—
\nSample answer: Focused SOAP Note<\/p>\n
Patient Information:
\nJ, 71, F, Race
\nS (subjective)
\nCC (chief complaint): Fatigue, thinning hair, and dry skin.
\nHPI (history of present illness): Ms. Juggenmeir is a 71-year-old Female who comes into your office with concerns of fatigue and dry skin. She is a retired Banker. She is alert awake oriented to time, place, situation, ambulatory, and lives by herself. She does report increased fatigue no matter how much sleep she gets. She is also concerned that she may need to come off one of her meds because her hair is thinning. She had labs done and was informed they would review results at this visit. Other pertinent diagnoses include Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, and Vitamin D deficiency. She admits to not taking her vitamin D daily as prescribed.
\nCurrent Medications:
\nWomen\u2019s One A Day-Multivitamin daily
\nChlorthalidone 25mg daily
\nFish Oil 1 tablet daily
\nAmlodipine 5mg p.o. daily
\nLosartan 100mg p.o. daily
\nAtorvastatin 40mg p.o. at bedtime daily
\nAspirin 81mg p.o. daily
\nErgocalciferol 50,000 units PO once a month
\nAllergies: I.V. Contrast, ACE Inhibitors reactions.
\nPMHx: Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Vitamin D deficiency.<\/p>\n
Soc and Substance Hx: Retired banker who lives by herself.
\nFam Hx: No significant family history.
\nSurgical Hx: Prior surgical procedures.
\nMental Hx: No past diagnosis of mental illness.
\nViolence Hx: No history of violence.
\nReproductive Hx: No significant reproductive history.
\nROS (review of symptoms):
\nGENERAL: No unintended weight loss, gain or fatigue.
\nHEENT:
\n\u2022\tEyesNo visual loss or sclera.
\n\u2022\tEars, Nose, Throat: No hearing loss, running nose or sore throat.
\nSKIN: No lesions or itching.
\nCARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pains or discomfort.
\nRESPIRATORY: No shortness of breath of sputum.
\nGASTROINTESTINAL: No nausea, diarrhea, vomiting or blood in the stool.
\nGENITOURINARY: No burning sensation on urination.
\nNEUROLOGICAL: No history numbness, headache, stroke, or malfunctioning nerves.
\nMUSCULOSKELETAL: No back or muscle pain.
\nHEMATOLOGIC: No bleeding or bruising.
\nLYMPHATICS: No history of splenectomy.
\nPSYCHIATRIC: No history of mental illness or anxiety.
\nENDOCRINOLOGIC: No sweating or reports of polyuria or polydipsia.
\nREPRODUCTIVE: No recent pregnancy or menstrual cycle. Last menstrual period is unknown.
\nALLERGIES: No history of rhinitis or eczema.
\nO (objective)
\nPhysical exam:
\nVital signs: BP 137\/82, HR 89, RR 20, Temp 98.1
\nDiagnostic tests:
\nCXR- Last CXR showed no cardiopulmonary findings. WNL
\nTSH\/Free T4, T3- as noted below in lab results.
\nBasic Metabolic Panel and CBC as shown below.
\nVitamin D Level- as noted below in lab results.
\nDiagnostic results:
\nTest Result Reference Range
\nGLUCOSE 85 65-99
\nSODIUM 134 135-146
\nPOTASSIUM 4.2 3.5-5.3
\nCHLORIDE 104 98-110
\nCARBON DIOXIDE 29 19-30
\nCALCIUM 9.0 8.6- 10.3 BUN 20 7-25
\nCREATININE 1.01 0.70-1.25
\nGLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (eGFR) 76 >or=60 mL\/min\/1.73m2
\nTSH 23 0.4-4.0 FREE T4 0.05 0.9-2.4 mcg\/dl T3 3.0 2.0-4.4 ng\/dl
\nVitamin D 1,25 OH 14 36-144
\nWBC 7.3 3.4- 10.8 RBC 4.31 135-146
\nHEMOGLOBIN 14 13-17.2
\nHEMATOCRIT 42% 36-50 MCV 90 80-100
\nMCHC 34 32-36
\nPLATELET 272 150-400
\nMs. Juggenmeir is a 71 y\/o female who is alert awake oriented to time, place, situation. She makes no unusual motor movements and demonstrates no tics. She denies any visual or auditory hallucinations. She denies any suicidal thoughts or ideations. She denies any falls or pain.
\nA (assessment)
\nDifferential diagnoses:
\nAlopecia
\nAlopecia is an autoimmune condition that causes the hair to start thinning. The amount of hair loss is different in different people (Strazzulla et al., 2018). The condition may be hereditary, hormonal disturbance, or childbirth illness. The hair can grow back with the help of immune-suppressing medication (Strazzulla et al., 2018).
\nHyponatremia
\nHyponatremia is a condition that occurs when the sodium levels in the body are too low. Low sodium levels cause the body cells to start swelling (George et al., 2018). The common causes of the condition include heart failure, diarrhea, diuretic use, renal disease, or liver disease. The disease is life-threatening and appropriate action is needed to counter the symptoms (George et al., 2018).
\nAutoimmune Thyroiditis
\nThe condition occurs when the immune system attacks the thyroid gland leading to swelling. The swelling affects the ability to produce hormones as required (Koehler et al., 2019). The symptoms include fatigue, pale and dry skin, unexplained weight gain, memory lapses, increased sensitivity to cold, and constipation (Koehler et al., 2019). Patients should get immediate care to avoid deterioration and worse health complications.
\nP (plan)
\nThe patient will require additional diagnostic tests to examine the immune system. A referral to a physician for the FT3 test and T4 test is necessary to examine the severity of the condition (Kennedy-Malone et al., 2019). For instance, a rheumatologist effectively examines conditions relating to autoimmune attacks.
\nThe patient will require immunotherapy drugs such as immunosuppressant drugs. It is important to take care of the patient to ensure their health is not exposed to infections due to suppressed immunity. A physician should educate the patient about the illness and the appropriate interventions (Koehler et al., 2019). The patient should be under the watch of a physician in the ward and be discharged after a week when the immune attack subsides. The patient should take medication and return to the clinic after two weeks. The autoimmune conditions require appropriate intervention. The patient should continue taking the current medication.
\nThe patient should receive information that vitamin D deficiency is one of the major causes of hair thinning (Koehler et al., 2019). Vitamin D is essential in stimulating hair follicles. The deficiency causes alopecia which leads to hair thinning in various patches.
\nThe treatment plan should include vitamin D supplements. The supplements will restore the hair and strengthen the bones. It is essential to suspend Chlorthalidone since the condition reduces water and salt in the body. The drug could be a contributing factor to conditions such as hyponatremia.
\nPatient education should include providing information on the risk factors such as salt intake (Munshi et al., 2019). The patient should take less than 2,300 milligrams (mg) daily. Eat healthy foods such as whole grains, fruits, and fish are important. Taking food with potassium is crucial in lowering blood pressure. The patient should maintain an optimal body weight height ratio. Excess weight can cause diabetes or high blood pressure (American Diabetes Association, 2020). The patient should exercise regularly to lower the risk of obesity, stress, and high blood pressure.
\nReflection
\nI learned that the condition requires appropriate interventions since it can be life-threatening. I learned that patients with various autoimmune disorders should get an appropriate checkup to avoid deterioration of the condition.
\nHealth promotion should include eating a healthy diet, reducing salt intake, and exercising regularly. The patient should suspend Chlorthalidone medication since it can contribute to one of the conditions.
\nProvision of care should respect the cultural background, age, and religious beliefs. The patient requires adequate care and checkup since the age may pose various health risks.<\/p>\n
References
\nAmerican Diabetes Association. (2020). Glycemic targets: Standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142020. Diabetes Care, 43(Suppl. 1), S66\u2013S76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc20-S006
\nGeorge, J. C., Zafar, W., Bucaloiu, I. D., & Chang, A. R. (2018). Risk factors and outcomes of rapid correction of severe hyponatremia. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 13(7), 984-992.
\nKennedy-Malone, L., Martin-Plank, L., & Duffy, E. (2019). Endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders. In Advanced practice nursing in the care of older adults (2nd ed., pp. 361\u2013406). F. A. Davis.
\nKoehler, V. F., Filmann, N., & Mann, W. A. (2019). Vitamin D status and thyroid autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroiditis. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 51(12), 792-797.
\nMunshi, M., Nathan, D. M., Schmader, K. E., Mulder, J. E., & Givens, J. (2019). Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the older patient. UpToDate. Retrieved June 8, 2020, from https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/treatment-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-in-the-older-patient
\nStrazzulla, L. C., Wang, E. H. C., Avila, L., Sicco, K. L., Brinster, N., Christiano, A. M., & Shapiro, J. (2018). Alopecia areata: disease characteristics, clinical evaluation, and new perspectives on pathogenesis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 78(1), 1-12.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Assignment: Assessing, Diagnosing, and Treating Endocrine, Metabolic, and Nutritional Disorders Like many disorders affecting other systems, those related to endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional concerns have specific considerations for geriatric populations. Accurate history taking of symptoms associated with these disorders is essential for completing an assessment of the older adult, since onset of symptoms (for example, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1738,2474,2482,1563,2516,2499],"tags":[2501,2518,2477,2519,2520],"class_list":["post-9868","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-help-me-with-social-psychology-assignment","category-psyc-essays","category-psyc-paper-writing-service","category-psychology-case-study-examples","category-sociology-essays","category-write-my-psychology-papers","tag-psy-papers","tag-psych-research-paper-sample","tag-psychology-assignment","tag-psychology-dissertation-writing","tag-psychology-research-paper"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9868","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9868"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9868\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9868"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9868"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9868"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}