{"id":9892,"date":"2024-09-07T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-09-07T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nurs.essaybishops.com\/a-reflection-from-within\/"},"modified":"2024-09-07T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2024-09-07T00:00:00","slug":"a-reflection-from-within","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/a-reflection-from-within\/","title":{"rendered":"A REFLECTION FROM WITHIN"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A REFLECTION FROM WITHIN (15% of Final Grade) Class 4<br \/>\nStudents will work independently to complete \u201cA Reflection from Within\u201d to critically engage with the course<br \/>\nreadings from Week 2 that explore privilege and web of oppression.<br \/>\nStudents will engage in reflexive practice and complete the following expectation:<br \/>\na) Wholeheartedly and thoroughly identify privileges and\/or web of oppressions experienced in one\u2019s<br \/>\npersonal life-space. Students are free to choose any constructs most relevant to them, however a total of<br \/>\n3 must be explored (min. of 750 words)<br \/>\nb) An exploration into how these privileges and\/or web of oppressions will shape their professional life space as a CYC Practitioner working with young people and their families (min. 600 words)<br \/>\nHeadings should be utilized to organize the paper integrating Help write my thesis &#8211; APA referencing guidelines. Specific<br \/>\nreferences from a minimum of 3 additional external academic sources (not grey literature) must be<br \/>\nappropriately integrated to augment understanding of the constructs. This submission must be uploaded as a<br \/>\nPDF document.<br \/>\n\u201cA Reflection from Within\u201d Rubric \u2013 Total of 30 Marks<br \/>\nPoor Needs<br \/>\nImprovement<br \/>\nSatisfactory Good Excellent<br \/>\nIntroduction<br \/>\n(2.5)<br \/>\nNo description of<br \/>\nwhat will be<br \/>\nconducted in the<br \/>\nintroduction<br \/>\nLimited<br \/>\ndescription of the<br \/>\nintroduction about<br \/>\nwhat will be done<br \/>\nMullaly, Robert P.. (2010). Chapter 10: Unpacking Our Knapsack of Invisible . In (Eds.), Challenging oppression and<br \/>\nconfronting privilege : a critical social work approach (pp. 287-320). Oxford University Press.<br \/>\nThis work is protected by copyright and the making of this copy by Toronto Metropolitan University was authorized<br \/>\nby Oxford University Press.<br \/>\nThis copy may be used solely by students registered in CYC406 011 &#8211; Therapeutic Life-Space &#8211; F2022 at Toronto<br \/>\nMetropolitan University, and may not be distributed to any person outside the aforementioned class, whether by<br \/>\ncopying or by transmission, and whether electronically or in paper form.<br \/>\nC h apter 10<br \/>\nUnpacking Our Knapsacks of<br \/>\nInvisible Privilege<br \/>\nPrivilege ;s lIot somethillg 1 take awl which r therefore havt the op\/ro&#8217;l of &#8216;lOt tllkillg.<br \/>\nIt is something tllll! society gives me, mzd ullleH I dumgr the institutiollS which giw it<br \/>\n10 me, they will con\/llliu to gh&#8217;e it, mid, will (OlltiIll4( to haw it, howtl&#8217;e r lIobie (lid<br \/>\negalit(ln&#8217;an my i &#8216;lfe,llio7lS.<br \/>\n&#8211; Harry Brod, A1f11 ~ Uves<br \/>\nIntroduction<br \/>\nThe flip side of the coin of oppression is privilege. However, compared to oppression<br \/>\nin general and anti-oppressive SOci,l] work in particular, not much has been written<br \/>\non prhilege in the social work literature. This is most unfortunate, bec.l.l1se the main<br \/>\nreason we have oppression is because we have privilege. It is similar to the relationship<br \/>\nbetween pOH&#8217;rty and w(&#8220;,lth wc haw poverty bee,&#8217;lI:;c w(&#8216; have wealth. If we want<br \/>\nto truly understand poverty, we must understand wealth. If we want to do something<br \/>\nserious about poverty, we must do something serious about we.llth. And if &#8220;,-e want to<br \/>\ntruly understand oppression, we mu.t underst,md priv leg~&#8217;. Oppr(&#8216;&#8221;ssion and privilege<br \/>\ngo hand in hand. Just as prhikg(&#8216;&#8221; opens doors of opportunity, oppression slams them<br \/>\nshut (Johnson 2006). Just as poverty wi!! always be with us until we do something<br \/>\nabout wealth, we will always have oppression until we do something ahout privilege.<br \/>\nAs articuiat(&#8216;&#8221;d by Harry Brod in the quote above, privilege is not something we take;<br \/>\nit is given to us by society if we possess the characteristics that society values, such as<br \/>\nb(&#8216;&#8221;ing male, white, heterosexual, afilL!ent, and non-disabled .<br \/>\nFerber (2003) offers two major reasons why we have t(&#8216;&#8221;nded to ignore the issue of<br \/>\nprh-ilege. First, it implicates those with power, and second, it is far (&#8216;&#8221;asi(&#8216;&#8221;r to explor(&#8216;&#8221; the<br \/>\nproblems faced by oppressed groups than it is to explore our own roles in p(&#8216;&#8221;rpetuating<br \/>\nin(&#8216;&#8221;quality. This is unfortunate, because we are all implicated in syst(,&#8221;llls of oppression.<br \/>\n&#8216;Although as individu.lls we may not believe that we are oppressive people, we still<br \/>\nparticip,llC in relations of oppression and gain various privileges from that relationship&#8217;<br \/>\n(Ferber 2003, 320). No matt(&#8216;&#8221;r how much I write or how many classes I Ie&#8217;ach about<br \/>\ninequality, oppression, racism, .lnd sexism, I continue to reap the privikge&#8217;s of being<br \/>\n288 (IIALLE.&#8221;JG1XG OpPllEssJO &#8230;..<br \/>\na whitt.&#8217; malc. And although I do not feel ashamed of or guilty about my racc or my<br \/>\ngender (after all, I have no control over them), I struggle with the knowledge that I am<br \/>\ngiven certain privileges by society becausc I was born with particular characteristics<br \/>\nthat society valucs. I do not have privilege because of who I am as a person or because<br \/>\nof what I haw done. Rather, I have privilege because of the social categories th;;!t, for<br \/>\nthe most part, I was born into. As stated by Alison Bailey (2004, 307), &#8216;privilege is<br \/>\ngranted and birth is the easiest way of being granted privilege.&#8217;<br \/>\nIf we focus only on oppression, thc structured invisibility of privilege is reinforced.<br \/>\nI agree with Alison B,tiley (2004, 302) when she says that &#8216;any undcrstanding of<br \/>\noppression is incomplete without recognition of the role privilege plays in maintaining<br \/>\nsystems of domination: This chapter will explore the concept and thc structural nature<br \/>\nof privilege, some of its major characteristics (including its invisibility to privilegcd<br \/>\npersons), the dynamics of privilege or how systems of prh&#8217;ilege work, reasons why<br \/>\nprivileged persons become dcfensivc and uncomfortable in talking about it, and why<br \/>\ndominant groups do not see privilege as a problem. We &#8230;. ill also discuss the myth of<br \/>\nmeritocracy, and some of the specihc pnvilcges that are attached to various poSitions<br \/>\nof domination will be outlincd. Finall)&#8217;, wc will explore what all this has to do with<br \/>\nus as individuals and as social workers, along with what we can do about prhilege to<br \/>\nmake a difference.<br \/>\nThe Nature of Privilege<br \/>\nIn Chapter 2, it &#8220;&#8221;&#8216;as mentioned that all of us suffer from some kind of frustration, hurt,<br \/>\nand restriction at some point in our lives, but this docs not mean that we are oppressed.<br \/>\nWhat determines oppression is when a person is blocked [rom opportunities to self\u00b7<br \/>\ndevelopment or is excluded from full participation in society or is assigned :l second\u00b7<br \/>\nclass citizenship not because of a lack of individual talent or merit but because of<br \/>\nhis or her membership in a particular group or category of peoplc. Similarly, what<br \/>\ndetermines privilege is not any particular advantagcs a person might han&#8217; but whNher<br \/>\nthese a1.ivantages were e.uned or conferred system,ltically by society on the basis of<br \/>\nhis or her membership in a particular soci,ll group (Hcldke and O&#8217;Connor 2004;<br \/>\nMcintosh 2003). Just as ,Ill oppression counts as harm but not all harms count as<br \/>\noppression, all privilege is advantageous, but not all advantages count as privilege<br \/>\n(e.g., having a driver&#8217;s licence, holding politic,11 office, becoming a !l.ltur,wzed citizen,<br \/>\nwhich are all filmed advantJges). What determines oppr~&#8217;ss on and privilege is the<br \/>\ns}&#8221;stematically confe rred naturc of harms in tIll&#8217; fomler and (unfarlled) advantagcs<br \/>\nin the latter (Ibiley 2004). In her classic article on oppression, Marilyn Frye (1983)<br \/>\nargues that if we want to delcrmine whether ,I p,lrticuJar harm or restriction qualifies<br \/>\nas oppreSSion, we have to look at that harm in context to see whether or not it plays a<br \/>\nrole in maint,lining a structure that is oppressive. Similarly, Bailey (2004) argues that if<br \/>\nwe want to decrtl1l!1t! whether or not a particular advant,lge qualifies as a privilege, we<br \/>\nneed to look ,It the advantage in context to see whether or not it plays a role in keeping<br \/>\ncomplex systems of privilege in place. Sisneros el al. (2008) point out that pri&#8217;ileged<br \/>\nU&#8221; &#8216;PA.CJ(ING OUR \/G&#8217;IA.PSA.C;J(~ Of&#8217; ISnSlllLE PRn&#8217;1U:G\u00a3 289<br \/>\npeople may experience hardship but unless these hardships are grounded in structural<br \/>\nbarriers that affect people in vital and limiting ways, they cannot be considered as<br \/>\nforms of oppression.<br \/>\nThus, there are 1&#8243;0 kinds of advantages- earned and une.uned- and those that<br \/>\nare unearned are considered to be privileges. The corollary is that advantages that are<br \/>\nearned (e.g., a quality educatioll, skills, a good reputation) are not considered privileges<br \/>\n(although one could argue that some ad<ant'lges or=\"\" assets=\"\" arc=\"\" more=\"\" easily=\"\" earned=\"\" if=\"\" they=\"\" accompanied=\"\" by=\"\" class,=\"\" race,=\"\" gender,=\"\" other=\"\" privileges).=\"\" rliley=\"\" (2004)=\"\" argues=\"\" that=\"\" el.ilure=\"\" to=\"\" recogni?e=\"\" the=\"\" differences=\"\" betwcen=\"\" e<lrned=\"\" and=\"\" unearned=\"\" allows=\"\" privileged=\"\" groups=\"\" equate=\"\" all=\"\" privilege=\"\" with=\"\" advant.lges.=\"\" she=\"\" gi'cs=\"\" a=\"\" wonderful=\"\" examplc=\"\" of=\"\" (.tilute=\"\" make=\"\" this=\"\" distinction,=\"\" quoting=\"\" remark=\"\" ann=\"\" rich<lrds=\"\" (.1=\"\" political=\"\" foe=\"\" george=\"\" v.=\"\" bush)=\"\" 'bush=\"\" was=\"\" born=\"\" on=\"\" third=\"\" base,=\"\" hut=\"\" day=\"\" believes=\"\" he=\"\" hit=\"\" triple.'=\"\" one=\"\" were=\"\" looking=\"\" for=\"\" definition=\"\" in=\"\" .lccorliance=\"\" above,=\"\" marsiglia=\"\" kulis=\"\" (2009,=\"\" 17)=\"\" offer=\"\" following:=\"\" 'privilege=\"\" is=\"\" advantages=\"\" special=\"\" group=\"\" membership.'=\"\" privileges=\"\" people=\"\" powerful=\"\" profitable=\"\" because=\"\" have=\"\" opportunities,=\"\" ad'<lntages,=\"\" access,=\"\" stat=\"\" us=\"\" attached=\"\" them=\"\" (hays,=\"\" chang,=\"\" dean=\"\" 2004).=\"\" why=\"\" white,=\"\" able\u00b7=\"\" bodied,=\"\" heterosexual,=\"\" married=\"\" males=\"\" continue=\"\" own=\"\" most=\"\" we.lith=\"\" anglo\u00b7=\"\" american=\"\" societies,=\"\" occupy=\"\" prestigious=\"\" positiolls,=\"\" controlthc=\"\" media=\"\" forms=\"\" popular=\"\" communication=\"\" (mullaly=\"\" 2007).=\"\" as=\"\" suggested=\"\" often=\"\" explained=\"\" terms=\"\" n,ltural=\"\" abilities=\"\" given=\"\" traits=\"\" individual.=\"\" persons=\"\" appeal=\"\" these=\"\" personal=\"\" characteristics=\"\" justification=\"\" having=\"\" first=\"\" plac;e=\"\" (=\"\" heldke=\"\" o'connor=\"\" however,=\"\" not=\"\" an=\"\" individual=\"\" phenomenon.=\"\" oppression=\"\" will=\"\" go=\"\" away=\"\" l'vcn=\"\" we=\"\" change=\"\" attitudes,=\"\" personalities,=\"\" behaviours=\"\" people,=\"\" such=\"\" changes=\"\" end=\"\" domin,mce=\"\" has=\"\" been=\"\" conferred=\"\" members=\"\" (mcintosh=\"\" 2003).=\"\" it=\"\" nature=\"\" society=\"\" social=\"\" systems=\"\" must=\"\" change.=\"\" 'individualistic=\"\" thinking=\"\" also=\"\" makes=\"\" blind=\"\" very=\"\" existence=\"\" privilege,=\"\" definition,=\"\" nothing=\"\" do=\"\" individuals,=\"\" only=\"\" categories=\"\" wind=\"\" up=\"\" in'=\"\" (johmon=\"\" 2006,=\"\" 77).=\"\" another=\"\" explanation=\"\" pri'ilege=\"\" those=\"\" outcome=\"\" human=\"\" natural=\"\" different=\"\" compete=\"\" eac;h=\"\" power,=\"\" domin,lilce,=\"\" privilege.=\"\" competition,=\"\" there=\"\" be=\"\" winners=\"\" losers,=\"\" thosl.'=\"\" who=\"\" smarter,=\"\" stronger,=\"\" able=\"\" capable=\"\" coming=\"\" out=\"\" top=\"\" getting=\"\" morc=\"\" than=\"\" anyone=\"\" else.=\"\" variations=\"\" n<lture=\"\" argument=\"\" presl.'nted=\"\" johnson=\"\" (2006)=\"\" cannot=\"\" help=\"\" but=\"\" fear=\"\" unfamiliar=\"\" therefore=\"\" keep=\"\" thdr=\"\" place,=\"\" existing=\"\" men=\"\" ,md=\"\" women=\"\" are=\"\" so=\"\" dissimilar=\"\" th.li=\"\" though=\"\" came=\"\" from=\"\" planets=\"\" (mars=\"\" venus;\u00bb=\"\" wonder=\"\" call=\"\" get=\"\" along=\"\" well=\"\" do,=\"\" orientation=\"\" (e.g.,=\"\" <,xual,=\"\" religious)=\"\" rest=\"\" unacceptable=\"\" bound=\"\" cjuse=\"\" conflict=\"\" whenever=\"\" become=\"\" obvious.=\"\" although=\"\" arguments=\"\" about=\"\" 1l1.l}'=\"\" persuasive=\"\" among=\"\" som<',johnson=\"\" (2006,=\"\" 3)=\"\" point=\"\" 'the=\"\" way=\"\" hold=\"\" 290=\"\" c=\"\" hall\u00a3i-.'ging=\"\" ignore=\"\" .....=\"\" hat=\"\" history,=\"\" psychology,=\"\" anthropology,=\"\" sociology,=\"\" biology,=\"\" and,=\"\" look=\"\" closely,=\"\" their=\"\" o=\"\" n=\"\" experience=\"\" reveal=\"\" beings=\"\" ho=\"\" ther=\"\" live.=\"\" does=\"\" exist=\"\" nature,=\"\" then=\"\" hy=\"\" docs=\"\" exist?=\"\" ans=\"\" er=\"\" question=\"\" can=\"\" found=\"\" relationship=\"\" between=\"\" discussed=\"\" chapter=\"\" 2,=\"\" occurs=\"\" benefits=\"\" dominant=\"\" protects=\"\" kind=\"\" citizenship=\"\" superior=\"\" oppressed=\"\" groups.=\"\" same=\"\" reason.=\"\" similarly,=\"\" conjointly=\"\" protect=\"\" privileg~d=\"\" group's=\"\" access=\"\" wider=\"\" range=\"\" better-paying=\"\" higher-status=\"\" work=\"\" ell=\"\" preferential=\"\" !reatm\"nt=\"\" our=\"\" institutions.=\"\" correlate=\"\" th\"=\"\" invisible=\"\" believe=\"\" inauenable=\"\" right=\"\" accompanies=\"\" hard=\"\" ork,=\"\" vigilance,=\"\" courage=\"\" take=\"\" risks,=\"\" intelligence=\"\" capabilities.=\"\" proof=\"\" privijege=\"\" given.=\"\" supporting=\"\" beliefs=\"\" myths=\"\" support=\"\" oppression,=\"\" outlined=\"\" 2-namely,=\"\" scarcity,=\"\" objective=\"\" information,=\"\" might=\"\" belief=\"\" majority=\"\" rule=\"\" even=\"\" tyrannizes=\"\" minority,=\"\" supremacy=\"\" culture,=\"\" equal=\"\" opportunity=\"\" meritocracy,=\"\" stereotyping=\"\" tlut=\"\" same,=\"\" blaming=\"\" victim=\"\" individuals=\"\" responsible=\"\" competition=\"\" hierarchy.=\"\" adds=\"\" two=\"\" (and=\"\" oppression)=\"\" list.=\"\" myths,=\"\" additions=\"\" history.=\"\" myth=\"\" things=\"\" always=\"\" change_=\"\" second=\"\" of'no=\"\" effect:=\"\" which=\"\" based=\"\" ch'lflge=\"\" system=\"\" just=\"\" too=\"\" big=\"\" powerful.=\"\" part=\"\" larger=\"\" ideology=\"\" rationalizes=\"\" necessary=\"\" preservation=\"\" society.=\"\" examining=\"\" instructive=\"\" mind=\"\" myth-=\"\" idea=\"\" fictitious=\"\" imaginary=\"\" rellect=\"\" reality.=\"\" 7,=\"\" looked=\"\" at=\"\" intersectiona.i=\"\" model=\"\" developed=\"\" steven=\"\" wineman=\"\" (1984)=\"\" \u00b7w=\"\" ..=\"\" b=\"\" oppression'=\"\" dn-eloped=\"\" sisneros=\"\" et=\"\" al.=\"\" (2008)=\"\" helpful=\"\" mechanisms=\"\" conceptualizing=\"\" intersection,ll=\"\" n,uure=\"\" domination.=\"\" patricia=\"\" hill=\"\" collms=\"\" (2000)=\"\" [\"('fas=\"\" 'matrix=\"\" domination:=\"\" ;lnc!=\"\" estelle=\"\" disch=\"\" (2002)=\"\" (jlls=\"\" j=\"\" 'm,ltrix=\"\" privill.'ge.'=\"\" a;sl.'rls=\"\" looks=\"\" privill.'ge=\"\" intersection.).l=\"\" web=\"\" matrix=\"\" either=\"\" domination=\"\" simplifies=\"\" cl.uifies=\"\" states=\"\" understjnding=\"\" th;lt=\"\" i.'ach=\"\" form=\"\" privileg=\"\" ...=\"\" related=\"\" au=\"\" others,=\"\" c,m=\"\" dispense=\"\" ith=\"\" useless=\"\" exercise=\"\" trying=\"\" deter\u00b7=\"\" mine=\"\" least=\"\" oppres5ive.=\"\" helps=\"\" avoid=\"\" trap=\"\" f,llls=\"\" binary=\"\" lines=\"\" you=\"\" ar=\"\" not,=\"\" fl'ality=\"\" usually=\"\" both.=\"\" words,=\"\" belong=\"\" do)=\"\" both=\"\" oppressive=\"\" categories.=\"\" inter-=\"\" ~7'aoung=\"\" dull=\"\" knapsacks=\"\" ofi=\"\" ....=\"\" \u00b7ylsi8ul=\"\" pii=\"\" vilf,c;ii=\"\" 291=\"\" sectional=\"\" models=\"\" how=\"\" dimensions=\"\" connected=\"\" art!=\"\" change,=\"\" need=\"\" foclls=\"\" takes=\"\" (johnson=\"\" 2006)=\"\" won't=\"\" rid=\"\" racism,=\"\" without=\"\" doing=\"\" something=\"\" sexism=\"\" dassism,=\"\" produces=\"\" others=\"\" connects=\"\" them'=\"\" 53).=\"\" ob'iously=\"\" then,=\"\" its=\"\" various=\"\" interact=\"\" anotht!r.=\"\" major=\"\" feature=\"\" privilt!ge=\"\" fact=\"\" ubiquitous=\"\" time=\"\" (kimmel=\"\" ferber=\"\" 2003).1=\"\" everywhere=\"\" look,=\"\" standard=\"\" against=\"\" everyone=\"\" else=\"\" measured.=\"\" politicallc:.ders,=\"\" corporate=\"\" leaders,=\"\" mainstream=\"\" advertising,=\"\" spokespersons,=\"\" professional=\"\" tend=\"\" non-disabled,=\"\" middle-=\"\" upper-class=\"\" males.=\"\" around=\"\" us,=\"\" many=\"\" us.=\"\" .llso=\"\" tends=\"\" privileged.=\"\" ve=\"\" schooled=\"\" recogni7.e=\"\" i:j.=\"\" recognize=\"\" v,,\"aryof=\"\" subordinate=\"\" =\"\" ill=\"\" tell=\"\" went=\"\" sec=\"\" 'female=\"\" doctor;=\"\" say=\"\" see=\"\" \u00b7the=\"\" doctor:=\"\" few=\"\" 'm,lle=\"\" 'gay=\"\" friend,'=\"\" the),=\"\" jbout=\"\" 'friend:=\"\" .=\"\" heterosexual=\"\" friend:=\"\" i,=\"\" white=\"\" person=\"\" talk=\"\" colleague=\"\" work,=\"\" assume=\"\" i=\"\" am=\"\" talking=\"\" 'white=\"\" colleague.'=\"\" identifying=\"\" sexual=\"\" pcrsons,=\"\" dra\u00b7=\"\" '=\"\" attention=\"\" markers=\"\" explain=\"\" associated=\"\" persons,=\"\" invisible.=\"\" vhen=\"\" mirror,=\"\" my=\"\" privileges,=\"\" when=\"\" gender=\"\" race=\"\" disability=\"\" thesl'=\"\" ch,lracteristics=\"\" ~rc=\"\" visible=\"\" e\u00b7.'el\")'=\"\" reasons=\"\" thc=\"\" wage=\"\" difference=\"\" women,=\"\" express=\"\" what=\"\" worn_m=\"\" carns=\"\" compared=\"\" man=\"\" (which=\"\" man'~=\"\" standard);=\"\" example,=\"\" average=\"\" earn=\"\" 70=\"\" cents=\"\" e'el\")'=\"\" dollar=\"\" carns_=\"\" statistic=\"\" discrimination=\"\" visible.if=\"\" e=\"\" diftcrcnce=\"\" men's=\"\" wages=\"\" func=\"\" tion=\"\" womell's=\"\" wages,=\"\" would=\"\" [or=\"\" every=\"\" woman=\"\" carns,=\"\" ,lbout=\"\" s=\"\" 1.43.=\"\" th,lt=\"\" way,=\"\" made=\"\" being=\"\" male,=\"\" worker=\"\" receives=\"\" extra=\"\" 43=\"\" cents,=\"\" represents=\"\" .,\u00b7=\"\" connell=\"\" (200=\"\" i)=\"\" c,dls=\"\" 'masculine=\"\" patri.uchal=\"\" dividend'-the=\"\" unearncd=\"\" benefit=\"\" accruing=\"\" male=\"\" male.=\"\" allan=\"\" 7)=\"\" m,lkes=\"\" case=\"\" moral=\"\" imperative=\"\" matter=\"\" survival:=\"\" 'lhc=\"\" trouble=\"\" we're=\"\" some=\"\" expense=\"\" others.=\"\" erejlt's=\"\" yjwning=\"\" divide=\"\" levels=\"\" income,=\"\" wejlth,=\"\" dignity,=\"\" safety,=\"\" health,=\"\" ;illd=\"\" qu~lity=\"\" life.=\"\" 292=\"\" ch,ui=\"\" f.),\u00b7ging=\"\" opp~p-ss=\"\" o,\"=\"\" promotes=\"\" fear,=\"\" suspicion,=\"\" discrimination,=\"\" harassment,=\"\" violence.=\"\" sets=\"\" ~gainst=\"\" another.=\"\" builds=\"\" walls=\"\" topped=\"\" broken=\"\" glass=\"\" barbed=\"\" wire.=\"\" well'es=\"\" msidious=\"\" corroding=\"\" effects=\"\" mto=\"\" dally=\"\" lives=\"\" ten=\"\" millions=\"\" men,=\"\" children.=\"\" h.l.s=\"\" poten=\"\" i~1=\"\" rum=\"\" en!lre=\"\" generallons=\"\" .lnd,=\"\" long=\"\" run,=\"\" down=\"\" wilh=\"\" it.=\"\" dynamics=\"\" contends=\"\" ease=\"\" aware=\"\" ~spect=\"\" itself,=\"\" refers=\"\" luxury=\"\" obliviousness:=\"\" th.at=\"\" fully=\"\" attentive=\"\" latter=\"\" give=\"\" return=\"\" key=\"\" aspect=\"\" control=\"\" system,=\"\" police,=\"\" jobs,=\"\" education=\"\" resources,=\"\" know=\"\" order=\"\" displease=\"\" them.=\"\" hand,=\"\" little=\"\" reason=\"\" pay=\"\" ,lttentjon=\"\" affects=\"\" hal'ing=\"\" think=\"\" 'so=\"\" strong=\"\" sense=\"\" entitlement=\"\" behind=\"\" males,=\"\" whites,=\"\" c;tn=\"\" feel=\"\" put=\"\" upon=\"\" iii=\"\" face=\"\" mildest=\"\" initation=\"\" issues=\"\" privilege'=\"\" 22).=\"\" .u.=\"\" hidden=\"\" membership=\"\" ;t=\"\" &#038;foup=\"\" assumption=\"\" sums=\"\" norm=\"\" whereas=\"\" status=\"\" not.=\"\" examplt!,=\"\" authors=\"\" note=\"\" asswnption=\"\" gro\"ing=\"\" multiracial=\"\" family=\"\" gay=\"\" lesbim=\"\" parents=\"\" (or=\"\" single-parent=\"\" f;;tmily)=\"\" harm=\"\" children=\"\" b;tsed=\"\" any=\"\" data.=\"\" consequences=\"\" accepting=\"\" dis;tstrous=\"\" orkers\u00b7=\"\" ork=\"\" f.unilies.=\"\" according=\"\" (2006),=\"\" p;;ty=\"\" issue=\"\" reality=\"\" pnvilege=\"\" problem=\"\" thl'y=\"\" compare=\"\" themselves=\"\" ,rilh=\"\" v.'ith=\"\" lhis=\"\" comp,uisons=\"\" basis=\"\" valued=\"\" ex,unple,=\"\" compue=\"\" thcmseh'es=\"\" seen=\"\" characteristic.=\"\" m~n=\"\" comp,lre=\"\" .md=\"\" women.=\"\" effect=\"\" d}'namic=\"\" pri'i[eged=\"\" bec;tuse=\"\" comparison=\"\" a_so=\"\" white.=\"\" likewise,=\"\" fed=\"\" b~cause=\"\" comp,uison=\"\" men.=\"\" lllc=\"\" paradoxical=\"\" situation=\"\" pri'i1egcd=\"\" knowing=\"\" reinforces=\"\" course,=\"\" art'=\"\" inl'isibility.=\"\" const'quences=\"\" idenlified=\"\" nmmel=\"\" (2003)=\"\" arc:=\"\" il=\"\" difiil-ult=\"\" creale=\"\" del'clop=\"\" politics=\"\" inclusion=\"\" frojjl=\"\" inl'l~ibili=\"\" y=\"\" (2)=\"\" invisibility=\"\" pril'ilege=\"\" means=\"\" bl'come=\"\" defensive=\"\" irrit'atl'd=\"\" confronted=\"\" stalistical=\"\" realities=\"\" b;lsed=\"\" 011=\"\" sexism,=\"\" on.=\"\" nyone=\"\" ever=\"\" :tttempted=\"\" classroom=\"\" discussion=\"\" u,'p.kkii'g=\"\" !('jai'sacks=\"\" [,'visible=\"\" pr=\"\" vlugi:=\"\" 293=\"\" knows=\"\" like=\"\" victims=\"\" themselves.=\"\" certainly=\"\" agree=\"\" kinunel=\"\" task=\"\" concerned=\"\" justice=\"\" anti-oppression=\"\" th;1i=\"\" masks=\"\" this,=\"\" lx-low,=\"\" dump=\"\" contents=\"\" peggy=\"\" mcintosh=\"\" calls=\"\" preceding=\"\" paragraph,=\"\" th,ll=\"\" dealt=\"\" constructively=\"\" thought=\"\" benefiting=\"\" classism,=\"\" behaving=\"\" ways=\"\" racist,=\"\" sexist,=\"\" classist,=\"\" cause=\"\" broad=\"\" unpleasant=\"\" emotions,=\"\" anger,=\"\" shame,=\"\" guilt,=\"\" fault,=\"\" frustration=\"\" (schmitz.=\"\" stakeman,=\"\" 2001,=\"\" cited=\"\" 2008).=\"\" may=\"\" ilot=\"\" 2(06).=\"\" non.prejudiced=\"\" guilty=\"\" holding=\"\" prejudices=\"\" (tatum=\"\" 1994).=\"\" uncomfortable=\"\" feelings=\"\" resulting=\"\" confront_ng=\"\" one's=\"\" create=\"\" barriers=\"\" self-examination=\"\" analysis=\"\" i)'pes=\"\" learning.=\"\" fail=\"\" examine=\"\" systems,=\"\" world=\"\" views,=\"\" knowiilj.:,=\"\" adequately=\"\" prepared=\"\" engaging=\"\" h!;'althy=\"\" (le.,=\"\" respectful,=\"\" egalitarian)=\"\" rel.ttionships=\"\" multicultural=\"\" environment.=\"\" v~=\"\" t:\"t~r=\"\" wurld=\"\" idd,;\"g=\"\" assumptions.=\"\" 'nlr(lugb=\"\" so\"i~li1=\"\" ion=\"\" fami=\"\" ly,=\"\" friends,=\"\" \"\"e=\"\" respect=\"\" trust,=\"\" i~arn=\"\" t~rcot}'pcs,=\"\" misinformation=\"\" ,=\"\" partial=\"\" histories=\"\" tha=\"\" t=\"\" glorify=\"\" some,=\"\" \"ihfy=\"\" t'rase=\"\" pt'oplt'=\"\" e,'ents=\"\" making=\"\" no=\"\" mention=\"\" .ill.=\"\" mlsinformat.on=\"\" acqoirt'd=\"\" through=\"\" early=\"\" learning=\"\" reinforct'd=\"\" institutionjlanj=\"\" cultural=\"\" strunurtssuch=\"\" th~=\"\" media.=\"\" schools,=\"\" rehgion,=\"\" government.l!=\"\" legal=\"\" systems,.l5=\"\" traditions=\"\" customs=\"\" [slsnt'fos=\"\" ('=\"\" .ii.=\"\" 2008,=\"\" 25=\"\" ].=\"\" shape=\"\" ourselves=\"\" bolster=\"\" deflate=\"\" self-identity=\"\" depending=\"\" position.=\"\" (f=\"\" acquire=\"\" new=\"\" learnings=\"\" puncture=\"\" th.,=\"\" old=\"\" ~s~ujllplions=\"\" w.,=\"\" wer('=\"\" laught,=\"\" ,,,.,=\"\" presented=\"\" choice.=\"\" ne=\"\" decide=\"\" pass=\"\" behave=\"\" 'j.ys=\"\" marginalize=\"\" orwe=\"\" break=\"\" cycle=\"\" allies=\"\" oppn_sscd=\"\" confronting=\"\" challenging=\"\" oppress.on.=\"\" last=\"\" section=\"\" chapter.=\"\" oppressioll,=\"\" features=\"\" prhilege=\"\" privih.\"ges=\"\" intersect=\"\" diffacnt=\"\" oppressioll=\"\" time.=\"\" define=\"\" simultaneously=\"\" relation=\"\" th,lll=\"\" category=\"\" bourgeois=\"\" male).=\"\" th,1=\"\" oppression.=\"\" c,lll=\"\" cjtegories)=\"\" categories)=\"\" (e.g=\"\" black=\"\" male)=\"\" usually,=\"\" belongs,=\"\" apt=\"\" be,=\"\" [l0!=\"\" necessarily.=\"\" example.=\"\" 294=\"\" -i,u.u.'.'ging=\"\" oi'i'=\"\" r~=\"\" ssion=\"\" unemployt'd=\"\" belongs=\"\" privilegt'=\"\" fe=\"\" el=\"\" his=\"\" unemployed=\"\" status.=\"\" inability=\"\" living=\"\" enjoying=\"\" points=\"\" out,=\"\" each=\"\" package=\"\" deal=\"\" never=\"\" me,=\"\" sex,=\"\" class=\"\" .1=\"\" middle-class,=\"\" non-dis.abled,=\"\" professor.=\"\" tempting=\"\" attempt=\"\" calculate=\"\" cost-benefit=\"\" coun=\"\" ting=\"\" number=\"\" falls=\"\" within,=\"\" subtracting=\"\" to,=\"\" arriving=\"\" score.'=\"\" unfortunately,=\"\" life)=\"\" simple.=\"\" multiple=\"\" impossible=\"\" teu=\"\" where=\"\" ends=\"\" next=\"\" begins.=\"\" much=\"\" counts=\"\" (i.e.,=\"\" contributes=\"\" prhrilege=\"\" itself=\"\" determined.=\"\" explaining=\"\" allall=\"\" crist=\"\" family,=\"\" workplaces=\"\" people's=\"\" participation=\"\" organized=\"\" three=\"\" characteristics:=\"\" dominated=\"\" (positions=\"\" power=\"\" occupied=\"\" bymembers=\"\" groups)i=\"\" identified=\"\" (privileged=\"\" represent=\"\" groups);=\"\" (3)=\"\" centred=\"\" (because=\"\" groups,=\"\" tendency=\"\" focus=\"\" them,=\"\" invisible),=\"\" reinforce=\"\" notion=\"\" deserve=\"\" identifie=\"\" activities=\"\" prop=\"\" maintain=\"\" systems.=\"\" following=\"\" paths=\"\" resistance:=\"\" situation,=\"\" almost=\"\" endless=\"\" choices.=\"\" student=\"\" could=\"\" sing,=\"\" yell=\"\" instructor,=\"\" eat=\"\" lunch,=\"\" whistle,=\"\" carryon=\"\" loud=\"\" coil\"erution,=\"\" choices=\"\" vary=\"\" level=\"\" resistance=\"\" inherent=\"\" choice,=\"\" soon=\"\" discover=\"\" chose=\"\" in.lppropri.lte=\"\" path\"=\"\" singing=\"\" cl,lss=\"\" quickly=\"\" provoke=\"\" students=\"\" (,md=\"\" instructor)=\"\" condemnation.=\"\" comparison,=\"\" expected=\"\" path=\"\" resist,mee,=\"\" onc=\"\" likely=\"\" take.=\"\" follow=\"\" ofleast=\"\" possible=\"\" reasons.=\"\" ii=\"\" see.=\"\" afraid=\"\" resistance,=\"\" hear=\"\" friend=\"\" racist=\"\" joke,=\"\" bcing=\"\" ridiculed=\"\" ostracized=\"\" object=\"\" it,=\"\" j.nd=\"\" smile=\"\" laugh=\"\" remain=\"\" silent.=\"\" example=\"\" taking=\"\" tht:'=\"\" remaining=\"\" silently=\"\" collt:'ague=\"\" air=\"\" space=\"\" expressing=\"\" opinions=\"\" obviously=\"\" (a=\"\" uncommon=\"\" tendency,=\"\" dlich=\"\" allows).=\"\" path,=\"\" ur.'packing=\"\" oliji=\"\" k.'japsao:s=\"\" de'=\"\" ].'i.'visilile=\"\" pju1'ilegf.=\"\" 29s=\"\" meet=\"\" challenge=\"\" lhe=\"\" saying=\"\" doing,=\"\" raise=\"\" possibility=\"\" alternative=\"\" paths,=\"\" silence=\"\" listening,=\"\" sharing=\"\" 2006).=\"\" 'patterns=\"\" dominance=\"\" th<lt=\"\" sustain=\"\" show=\"\" 94).=\"\" silent=\"\" behaviour=\"\" participating=\"\" johnson.=\"\" 106)=\"\" 'passive=\"\" oppression;=\"\" defines=\"\" 'making=\"\" happen=\"\" simply=\"\" stop=\"\" it:=\"\" opp=\"\" ression=\"\" depends=\"\" silen\u00ab~=\"\" continue,=\"\" act=\"\" anything=\"\" observed=\"\" kno=\"\" tl=\"\" acts=\"\" opprcssion=\"\" personal,=\"\" cultural,=\"\" structural=\"\" level,=\"\" perpetuating=\"\" contributing=\"\" environment=\"\" casy=\"\" occur=\"\" stand=\"\" let=\"\" happen.=\"\" privately=\"\" disapprove=\"\" racism=\"\" gay-bashing=\"\" console=\"\" things,=\"\" silent,=\"\" rclnforcing=\"\" condoning=\"\" vast=\"\" harassment=\"\" domestic=\"\" violence=\"\" community=\"\" workplace=\"\" addressed=\"\" persolls,=\"\" intentions=\"\" anti.oppressiye=\"\" sentiments=\"\" irrelevant=\"\" fltlre=\"\" patterns=\"\" inequality=\"\" suffering=\"\" cause.=\"\" engage=\"\" acting=\"\" hostility=\"\" ill-will=\"\" towards=\"\" acquiesce=\"\" continues=\"\" required=\"\" -=\"\" notice,=\"\" nothing,=\"\" si=\"\" lent=\"\" anti-oppression,=\"\" ob'ious=\"\" course=\"\" action=\"\" 'speak=\"\" out.'=\"\" final=\"\" 'othering'=\"\" noted=\"\" johmon=\"\" carried=\"\" concept=\"\" 'other'=\"\" preyious=\"\" chapters=\"\" considered=\"\" outside=\"\" a.nd=\"\" frolll=\"\" group.=\"\" is,=\"\" representative=\"\" entities=\"\" gendcf,=\"\" group,=\"\" ci'jlization-are=\"\" other.=\"\" creation=\"\" opposite=\"\" known=\"\" 'othering:=\"\" non-western=\"\" cultures=\"\" '1'est,=\"\" while=\"\" within=\"\" western=\"\" society,=\"\" lesbian=\"\" immigrants=\"\" (sardar=\"\" van=\"\" loon=\"\" 2(04).=\"\" 'lhe=\"\" common=\"\" representation=\"\" darker=\"\" side,=\"\" oneself;=\"\" civilized,=\"\" barbaric;=\"\" colonists=\"\" hard-working,=\"\" natives=\"\" lazy;=\"\" heterosexuals=\"\" good=\"\" illoral,=\"\" homosexuals=\"\" immoral=\"\" evil'=\"\" 2004,=\"\" 13).=\"\" exist,=\"\" basic=\"\" ingredients=\"\" required-.l=\"\" oppressor=\"\" 296=\"\" ciiallf.\"\u00b7gi=\"\" g=\"\" moraga=\"\" process,=\"\" externalize=\"\" fears=\"\" projecting=\"\" onto=\"\" seem=\"\" besl=\"\" fit=\"\" 'other.'=\"\" 96)=\"\" claims=\"\" 'other=\"\" word=\"\" understanding=\"\" ho'i=\"\" assumed=\"\" \"wen=\"\" \"them\u00bb,=\"\" \"other\"=\"\" \"yoil=\"\" people\"=\"\" whom=\"\" regard=\"\" problematic,=\"\" unacceptable,=\"\" unlikable,=\"\" beneath=\"\" standards:=\"\" white\u00b7dominated=\"\" otll(rs=\"\" viewed=\"\" non-white.=\"\" lumps=\"\" together=\"\" considerable=\"\" diversity=\"\" ethno-racial=\"\" into=\"\" single=\"\" other'=\"\" standard.=\"\" practice,=\"\" asks=\"\" imagine=\"\" referred=\"\" 'non-coloureds.'=\"\" process=\"\" othering=\"\" clearly=\"\" someone=\"\" else's=\"\" mist'ry,=\"\" remote=\"\" connection.=\"\" priileged=\"\" accept=\"\" issues,=\"\" w.1n!=\"\" middle\u00b7=\"\" saw=\"\" povt'rty=\"\" .1s=\"\" issue,=\"\" racisill=\"\" non-disabled=\"\" ableism=\"\" eng.1gement=\"\" privilegt'd=\"\" eliminating=\"\" relationships=\"\" happening.=\"\" engaged=\"\" are,=\"\" usu.1lly=\"\" short=\"\" effect.=\"\" fac=\"\" prh'ilege=\"\" j.llows=\"\" responsibility=\"\" perpetration=\"\" perpetuation=\"\" theft\"=\"\" lilany=\"\" fool=\"\" problem,=\"\" alla.n=\"\" lint's=\"\" .j=\"\" ways,=\"\" summarized=\"\" here.=\"\" i.=\"\" dwy=\"\" minimiu.=\"\" easiest=\"\" 'get=\"\" off=\"\" th~'=\"\" hook=\"\" 10=\"\" deny=\"\" th'lt=\"\" exists=\"\" 'racism=\"\" used=\"\" problems,=\"\" aren't=\"\" ;ilymore=\"\" laws=\"\" programs=\"\" address=\"\" them';=\"\" 'tht're=\"\" disabilities=\"\" workplace,=\"\" isn't=\"\" fo=\"\" r=\"\" me\").=\"\" closely=\"\" denial=\"\" minimization=\"\" o(=\"\" experiences=\"\" (e,g.,=\"\" 'those=\"\" aboriginal=\"\" should=\"\" quit=\"\" whining=\"\" colonization=\"\" ,mci=\"\" over=\"\" it').=\"\" denied,=\"\" underpins=\"\" responsibility,=\"\" !'t'ople=\"\" practict'=\"\" l1linimi7.jtion,=\"\" effecl=\"\" ihey=\"\" better=\"\" th;lll=\"\" experiencing=\"\" against,=\"\" presumption=\"\" foslers=\"\" allows.=\"\" unpackli'g=\"\" oljr=\"\" k.=\"\" apsacic5=\"\" h=\"\" 'l'isiblf=\"\" prli'il1gf=\"\" 297=\"\" othe=\"\" experiellce~=\"\" validity=\"\" claims.=\"\" 2.=\"\" blame=\"\" tile=\"\" victim.=\"\" acknowledging=\"\" done=\"\" responsible.=\"\" say,=\"\" drop=\"\" traditional=\"\" clodture,=\"\" drinking,=\"\" education,=\"\" severity=\"\" problems=\"\" tha.t=\"\" currently=\"\" experience.=\"\" says=\"\" sexually=\"\" harassed,=\"\" her=\"\" owii=\"\" fault=\"\" dressed=\"\" provocatively,=\"\" haw=\"\" ,vas,=\"\" sellt=\"\" mixed=\"\" messages,=\"\" asked=\"\" result=\"\" blamed=\"\" peoplc=\"\" suffer=\"\" benent=\"\" relatively=\"\" untouched'=\"\" iii),=\"\" 3.=\"\" somethillg=\"\" subtle=\"\" avoiding=\"\" battle=\"\" sexes'=\"\" anthropological=\"\" curiosity=\"\" females=\"\" differejlt=\"\" (if=\"\" planets)=\"\" grow=\"\" ~ame=\"\" families,=\"\" attend=\"\" watch=\"\" television=\"\" together.=\"\" misunder=\"\" andings=\"\" communicating.=\"\" styles=\"\" talk,=\"\" significant=\"\" differences,=\"\" chinese=\"\" canadian=\"\" serve=\"\" purpose=\"\" ensuring=\"\" interrupts=\"\" defers=\"\" keeping=\"\" quiet,=\"\" pattern=\"\" centredness=\"\" acted=\"\" once=\"\" again.=\"\" 4,=\"\" it's=\"\" way.=\"\" surrounds=\"\" includes=\"\" kinds=\"\" quo=\"\" preferred.=\"\" claim=\"\" colour=\"\" prefer=\"\" live=\"\" afford=\"\" people.=\"\" incorrect,=\"\" since=\"\" re.~carch=\"\" shows=\"\" integrated=\"\" neighbourhoods=\"\" occupation,=\"\" gets=\"\" ink=\"\" grated=\"\" colour,=\"\" especially=\"\" middle=\"\" (massey=\"\" denton=\"\" 1998,=\"\" patriarchal=\"\" culture=\"\" conveys=\"\" messages=\"\" tht'=\"\" dominate=\"\" decisions=\"\" 'no,'=\"\" really=\"\" 'maybe'=\"\" 'yes:=\"\" truth=\"\" situations=\"\" statlls=\"\" (of=\"\" privilege)=\"\" appear=\"\" normal=\"\" legitimate.=\"\" divisions=\"\" inequalities=\"\" caused=\"\" a.re=\"\" accused=\"\" creating=\"\" themselves,=\"\" rather=\"\" defmed=\"\" problem.=\"\" s.=\"\" does,!'t=\"\" cowlt=\"\" don't=\"\" mean=\"\" experienced=\"\" memhcr=\"\" (including=\"\" ourselves)=\"\" racial=\"\" sexist=\"\" classist=\"\" m\u00b7ertones.=\"\" examples=\"\" include=\"\" repeated=\"\" comments=\"\" female=\"\" colleague,=\"\" professor=\"\" studcilts=\"\" middle-class=\"\" joke=\"\" poor=\"\" (usually=\"\" members),=\"\" responds=\"\" becoming=\"\" 'i=\"\" didn't=\"\" anything:=\"\" tills=\"\" response=\"\" intended=\"\" hook,=\"\" reasoning=\"\" did=\"\" offence,=\"\" happen,=\"\" thing=\"\" persoll=\"\" said=\"\" dolle=\"\" conscious=\"\" bad)=\"\" intent.=\"\" reaction=\"\" fails=\"\" acknowledge=\"\" regardless=\"\" intent,=\"\" hanned=\"\" ovm.=\"\" effect,=\"\" it'=\"\" 'it=\"\" joke'=\"\" comes=\"\" close=\"\" saying,=\"\" true.=\"\" time,=\"\" true=\"\" message=\"\" \"1=\"\" beforehand.'=\"\" situations,=\"\" hook.=\"\" steal=\"\" judge=\"\" still=\"\" held=\"\" actions,=\"\" \"'ill=\"\" awareness=\"\" do.=\"\" works=\"\" a\",areness=\"\" prh'ilegcd=\"\" situations.=\"\" 11=\"\" says,=\"\" obliviousness=\"\" lack=\"\" intent=\"\" that's=\"\" easy=\"\" superiorit)'=\"\" underlies=\"\" runs=\"\" deep=\"\" entrenched=\"\" [privileged}=\"\" it.'=\"\" say'l=\"\" telling=\"\" truth,=\"\" disarming=\"\" effective=\"\" defending=\"\" hurtful=\"\" subordin,lie=\"\" precisely=\"\" damage=\"\" causes.=\"\" 6.=\"\" l'm=\"\" o'lf=\"\" oj=\"\" ones.=\"\" bad=\"\" (only=\"\" oppress=\"\" others),=\"\" ha'e=\"\" me.=\"\" argue=\"\" nl)'=\"\" workpbce,=\"\" 'end=\"\" racism'=\"\" button=\"\" m)'=\"\" office=\"\" door,=\"\" park=\"\" h,mdicapped=\"\" parking=\"\" places,=\"\" illy=\"\" strongly=\"\" flawed=\"\" discriminate=\"\" symp.lthize=\"\" sufier=\"\" result.=\"\" silence,=\"\" in,lclion,=\"\" ,od=\"\" p.lssive=\"\" acceptance=\"\" everyday=\"\" goes=\"\" me=\"\" co=\"\" ncerned=\"\" passh'e=\"\" observer.=\"\" a(k,l1lt,lge,=\"\" consider=\"\" tllese=\"\" catl'gories=\"\" working=\"\" own,=\"\" becomes=\"\" business=\"\" expense.=\"\" hecause=\"\" on,=\"\" receiving=\"\" treatment=\"\" privill'ged=\"\" pl'ople=\"\" thillg=\"\" neutral=\"\" position,=\"\" choice=\"\" ius=\"\" politic,ll=\"\" consequences.=\"\" uxp.'.c=\"\" {lxg=\"\" uiliij,,'aj=\"\">SACKS OF h&#8221;l15181.1; PIIlVILF.GF. 2 99<br \/>\n7. Sick m!d tired, When it comes to the problem of oppression and privilege, privileged<br \/>\npersons often do not want to hear about it because it upsets the luxury of obliviousness<br \/>\nthat comes wit h their privilege. A conunon response is saying or making fada! gestures<br \/>\nthat imply, &#8216;Here we go again: If I had a nickd for e&#8217;ery time I have seen a student or a<br \/>\nmember of an audience that I was addressing (almost always privileged) roll his or her<br \/>\neyes when I start talking about sodal inequality or oppression, I could probably wipe<br \/>\nout the entire federal deficit. Privileged p&#8221;ople often become annoyed or irritated<br \/>\nwith the person who raises issues of oppression and privilege, not because they do<br \/>\nnot believe that these issues arc real but because they feel that they are being put UpOll<br \/>\nor bashed or made to feel guilty. They may feel that a great w&#8221;igh! has been placed<br \/>\non their shoulders or that open season on privileged persons has iust been declared.<br \/>\nHowever, it is one thing to hear about problems associated with social inequality and<br \/>\noppression, but it is quite ,lIother to live with them every day. Yes, life is hard these<br \/>\ndays for almost everyone, and almost everyolle may fed exhausted (as I have often<br \/>\nheard from persons of privilege in a defensive manner), but white persons who feel<br \/>\nexhausted arc not exhausted because they arc white. Heterosexual persons are not<br \/>\nhaving a tough time because they are heterosexual. Subordinate group members have<br \/>\nto do all the things that make privileged group members tired (from raising familie s to<br \/>\nearning a living to growing older, and so on), but on top of that, they have to struggle<br \/>\nwith the accumulated stress that oppression piles on them simply because, through no<br \/>\nfault of their own, they are in the wrong social categories.<br \/>\nIn sum, a number of avoidance mechanisms arc available to privilegl&#8217;d groups that<br \/>\nallow them to avoid feeling any guilt, shame, or responsibility for the deleterious<br \/>\neffects of oppression. These mechanisms allow them to live in a world of denial and<br \/>\niUusion where the}&#8217; are not involved in the life of society. This option &#8216;puts members<br \/>\nof privileged groups inside a tight little circle that cuts them offfrom what it means to<br \/>\nbe alive&#8217; (Johnson 2006, 124). It means that privileged groups have to distance and<br \/>\ninsulate themselves from much of humanity-men from women, white persons from<br \/>\npeople of colour, heterosexual persons from gay, lesbian, biseX1.lal, and transgendered<br \/>\npersons- because if they were to get too close to thes(&#8216; people, they would find it more<br \/>\ndifficult to maintain the denial and illusion and would have to deal with the troubles<br \/>\nthat surround privilege and oppression. Given th.is Situation, it would seem more<br \/>\ndesirable for dominant groups to accept responsibility for privilege and oppression<br \/>\nand view it as a challenge and an opportunity rather than as;lll affliction or a source of<br \/>\nguilt and shame.<br \/>\nA Taxonomy of Everyday Examples of Unearned<br \/>\nPrivilege<br \/>\nIn her groundbreaking and celebrated work, Peggy Mcintosh ( 1990) referred to what<br \/>\nshe caBs the &#8216;invisible knapsack: The invisible knapsack contains all the benefits or<br \/>\n300 C1uLLf&#8217;NGING OPPRESSION<br \/>\nprivileges that come to us every day simply because we are white, or middle-class, or<br \/>\nstraight, or male, or non\u00b7diS.1bled or are a member of an)&#8217; other privileged group in<br \/>\nsociety. [n the boxes below, I outline selected privileges that are associated with being<br \/>\nmiddle- or upper-class, a member of the white racc, male, heterosexual, non\u00b7disabled,<br \/>\na member of a two\u00b7 parent family, and of adult age that precedes old age. I limited the<br \/>\nnumber of privileges in each ciltegory to around 15 to 20, although some of the lists<br \/>\ncompiled by others are quite lengthy. Mcintosh&#8217;s original list of&#8217;white privileges: for<br \/>\nexample, contains 46 items. These lists do not reflect the privileges of every person who<br \/>\nfalls into a particular category. They arc both under\u00b7 and over\u00b7inclusive. Other social<br \/>\ncategories will have an impact on each set of privileges. For ex.unple, a black male &#8230;. ill<br \/>\nnot have the same number of privileges or the same qualitative extent of prhileges<br \/>\nthat .1 white male will have. A white male is automatically seen as an authority figure<br \/>\nwhereas a black man is not. Carbado (2004) tells us that we have to be careful not to<br \/>\nuniversalize any category of privileged persons or present them as a &#8216;cohesive identity&#8217;<br \/>\nin ways that deny or obscure the fact of multiplicity or heterogeneity wirhin categories<br \/>\nof privileged persons. At the same time, people who fall into categories of prili lcge<br \/>\nmust do more than identify the privileges that ha&#8217;c been cOltlerred upon them. They<br \/>\nmust also TCalize how they acti&#8217;c!y re\u00b7enact these privileges interpersonally, culturall}&#8217;,<br \/>\nand institutionally. In other &#8216;Iorcis, privileged persons must come to recognize their<br \/>\nown complicity in the normalization of privilege.<br \/>\nMiddle\u00b7 or Upper\u00b7 Class Privilege<br \/>\nI can avoid members of other classes or races and only be &#8220;&#8216;ith people<br \/>\nlike me if I choose.<br \/>\nI do not worry about going hungry or being homeless.<br \/>\nI can be charitable or not as I please.<br \/>\nI can live where I choose ilnd move when and where I choose.<br \/>\n\u2022 I can enjoy frivolous spending without worrying about end-of-the month payments.<br \/>\n\u2022 I ColO join clubs and organizJtions that man}&#8217; cannot.<br \/>\n\u2022 I enjoy respect and trust in most situations from most people.<br \/>\n\u2022 I am assumed innocent by the criminal justice s},stem at INS! until<br \/>\nproven guilty.<br \/>\n\u2022 I do not have to worry about getting adequate or competent legal help.<br \/>\nI do not have to shop around for the best buy or &#8220;&#8221;ail for sales.<br \/>\n\u2022 [ can be sure that my children will not be mistreated by teachers and<br \/>\nstaff at school.<br \/>\nI do not worry about paying for music lessons or sports memberships<br \/>\nfor my children.<br \/>\nUNPACJ:\/I&#8217;G OUR \/(.VAPSACI<s of=\"\" i.''1sllil\u00a3=\"\" l'r=\"\" i'll.ege=\"\" 30=\"\" i=\"\" middle-=\"\" or=\"\" upper-class=\"\" privilege=\"\" (continued)=\"\" \u2022=\"\" do=\"\" not=\"\" worry=\"\" about=\"\" how=\"\" an=\"\" emergency=\"\" might=\"\" affect=\"\" me=\"\" financially.=\"\" can=\"\" hire=\"\" people=\"\" to=\"\" help=\"\" care=\"\" for=\"\" my=\"\" children=\"\" the=\"\" housework.=\"\" entertainment=\"\" going=\"\" out=\"\" is=\"\" readily=\"\" available=\"\" me.=\"\" take=\"\" expensive=\"\" vacations=\"\" when=\"\" and=\"\" where=\"\" want.=\"\" get=\"\" discounts=\"\" on=\"\" major=\"\" purchases=\"\" preferred=\"\" interest=\"\" rates=\"\" investments=\"\" because=\"\" am=\"\" seen=\"\" as=\"\" a=\"\" valuable=\"\" customer.=\"\" have=\"\" afford=\"\" rt'tirement.=\"\" excellent=\"\" medical=\"\" hospital=\"\" care.=\"\" presumed=\"\" be=\"\" immoral,=\"\" luy,=\"\" evil,=\"\" unmotivated,=\"\" stupid,=\"\" incompetent,=\"\" work\u00b7shy,=\"\" alcoholic,=\"\" promiscuous=\"\" socia.!=\"\" class.=\"\" leave=\"\" with=\"\" inheritance=\"\" make=\"\" things=\"\" little=\"\" easier=\"\" them.=\"\" assume=\"\" that=\"\" entitled=\"\" these=\"\" privik'ges=\"\" dominant=\"\" social=\"\" beliefs.=\"\" r=\"\" advantage=\"\" all=\"\" income=\"\" tax=\"\" breaks=\"\" are=\"\" those=\"\" lower=\"\" incomes.=\"\" thanks=\"\" vomen's=\"\" theological=\"\" center=\"\" in=\"\" boston=\"\" several=\"\" above=\"\" privileges.=\"\" white=\"\" 1=\"\" can,=\"\" ifl=\"\" wish,=\"\" arrange=\"\" company=\"\" own=\"\" race=\"\" most=\"\" time.=\"\" if=\"\" should=\"\" need=\"\" move,=\"\" pretty=\"\" sure=\"\" renting=\"\" purchasing=\"\" housing=\"\" area=\"\" which=\"\" would=\"\" want=\"\" live.=\"\" catl=\"\" neighbours=\"\" such=\"\" location=\"\" will=\"\" neutral=\"\" pleasant=\"\" go=\"\" shopping=\"\" alone=\"\" time,=\"\" well=\"\" assured=\"\" followed=\"\" harassed.=\"\" tum=\"\" television=\"\" turn=\"\" front=\"\" page=\"\" newspaper=\"\" see=\"\" widely=\"\" represented.=\"\" told=\"\" our=\"\" national=\"\" heritage=\"\" 'civilization,'=\"\" shown=\"\" colour=\"\" made=\"\" it=\"\" what=\"\" is.=\"\" j02=\"\" cha=\"\" ,llnging=\"\" o=\"\" ppr\u00a3ssiq.'=\"\" (continued=\"\" )=\"\" given=\"\" curricular=\"\" materials=\"\" testify=\"\" existence=\"\" their=\"\" race.=\"\" if!=\"\" to,=\"\" finding=\"\" publisher=\"\" this=\"\" piece=\"\" privilege.=\"\" into=\"\" music=\"\" shop=\"\" count=\"\" represented,=\"\" supermarket=\"\" find=\"\" staple=\"\" foods=\"\" fit=\"\" cultural=\"\" traditions,=\"\" hairdresser's=\"\" someone=\"\" who=\"\" deal=\"\" hair.=\"\" whether=\"\" use=\"\" cheques,=\"\" credit=\"\" cards,=\"\" cash,=\"\" skin=\"\" working=\"\" against=\"\" appearance=\"\" offinanoal=\"\" reliability.=\"\" protect=\"\" time=\"\" from=\"\" like=\"\" swear=\"\" dress=\"\" second-hand=\"\" clothes=\"\" answer=\"\" letters=\"\" without=\"\" having=\"\" attribute=\"\" choices=\"\" bad=\"\" morals,=\"\" poverty,=\"\" illiteracy=\"\" speak=\"\" public=\"\" powerful=\"\" male=\"\" group=\"\" putting=\"\" trial.=\"\" challenging=\"\" situation=\"\" being=\"\" called=\"\" never=\"\" asked=\"\" racial=\"\" group.=\"\" remain=\"\" oblivious=\"\" language=\"\" customs=\"\" persons=\"\" colour,=\"\" constitute=\"\" world's=\"\" majority,=\"\" feeling=\"\" culture=\"\" :tny=\"\" penalty=\"\" oblivion.=\"\" criticize=\"\" government=\"\" talk=\"\" much=\"\" fear=\"\" its=\"\" policies=\"\" behaviour=\"\" outsider.=\"\" ask=\"\" 'the=\"\" person=\"\" charge;=\"\" facing=\"\" traffic=\"\" cop=\"\" pulls=\"\" over=\"\" return=\"\" audited,=\"\" haven't=\"\" been=\"\" singled=\"\" easily=\"\" buy=\"\" posters,=\"\" postcards,=\"\" picture=\"\" books,=\"\" greeting=\"\" dolls,=\"\" toys,=\"\" children's=\"\" magazines=\"\" reflecting=\"\" race,=\"\" home=\"\" meetings=\"\" organizations=\"\" belong=\"\" \u0000=\"\" somewhat=\"\" tied=\"\" rather=\"\" than=\"\" isolated,=\"\" out-of\u00b7=\"\" pike,=\"\" outnumbered,=\"\" unheard,=\"\" held=\"\" at=\"\" distance,=\"\" feared.=\"\" job=\"\" affirm.;!tive=\"\" action=\"\" employer=\"\" v.'ithout=\"\" co\u00b7=\"\" workers=\"\" suspect=\"\" got=\"\" bec.luse=\"\" choose=\"\" accommodation=\"\" fcaring=\"\" cannot=\"\" mistrt';lted=\"\" places=\"\" chosen.=\"\" unpacking=\"\" ovr=\"\" knm'sacks=\"\" i.~'vis=\"\" jb=\"\" u=\"\" pril1leg\u00a3=\"\" 3=\"\" 0=\"\" legal=\"\" help,=\"\" work=\"\" day,=\"\" week,=\"\" year=\"\" badly,=\"\" question=\"\" each=\"\" negative=\"\" episode=\"\" has=\"\" overtones.=\"\" blemish=\"\" cover=\"\" bandages=\"\" 'flesh'=\"\" color=\"\" more=\"\" less=\"\" matches=\"\" skin.=\"\" taken=\"\" peggy=\"\" mcintosh,=\"\" whiteprivilege:=\"\" ullpackiug=\"\" invisible=\"\" kl1llp5ack,=\"\" 1990.=\"\" dominate=\"\" conversation=\"\" dominating.=\"\" praised=\"\" spending=\"\" cooking=\"\" doing=\"\" household=\"\" chores.=\"\" expected=\"\" change=\"\" name=\"\" married.=\"\" walk=\"\" bt.'ing=\"\" harassed=\"\" sexually=\"\" violated.=\"\" paid=\"\" female=\"\" counterparts.=\"\" prospective=\"\" employers=\"\" plan=\"\" children.=\"\" confident=\"\" accused=\"\" sleeping=\"\" way=\"\" top=\"\" workplace.=\"\" dressed=\"\" morning,=\"\" clothing=\"\" invite=\"\" sexual=\"\" harassment.=\"\" don't=\"\" between=\"\" career=\"\" family,=\"\" moody,=\"\" grouchy,=\"\" abrupt=\"\" :lttributed=\"\" sexor=\"\" menopause=\"\" orlo=\"\" pms.=\"\" active,=\"\" even=\"\" promiscuous,=\"\" !:jrgely=\"\" slut=\"\" whore.=\"\" fact,=\"\" stud=\"\" some=\"\" circles=\"\" high=\"\" regard.=\"\" wife=\"\" partner=\"\" housework=\"\" childca!e=\"\" she=\"\" outside=\"\" home.=\"\" problem,=\"\" rest=\"\" blown=\"\" health=\"\" problems=\"\" medicines=\"\" bodies.=\"\" 304=\"\" cha.lle:nging=\"\" oppili!ssion=\"\" positive=\"\" role=\"\" models=\"\" positions=\"\" authority=\"\" almost=\"\" everywhere=\"\" look.=\"\" woman=\"\" whom=\"\" iud=\"\" sex=\"\" un~pectedly=\"\" become=\"\" pregnant,=\"\" ....=\"\" '111=\"\" her=\"\" fault=\"\" responsibility.=\"\" there=\"\" no=\"\" pressure=\"\" marry=\"\" before=\"\" age=\"\" 30.=\"\" express=\"\" anger=\"\" outrage=\"\" irrational,=\"\" emotional,=\"\" too=\"\" sensitive.=\"\" lhanks=\"\" mainly=\"\" devon=\"\" carbado=\"\" (2004)=\"\" also=\"\" steven=\"\" p.=\"\" sclucht=\"\" (2003)=\"\" heterosexual=\"\" other=\"\" every=\"\" day.=\"\" blanled=\"\" creating=\"\" spreading=\"\" ajds=\"\" virus.=\"\" ,=\"\" trying=\"\" cure=\"\" heterosexuality.=\"\" '=\"\" display=\"\" affection=\"\" ridicule=\"\" denied=\"\" treatment=\"\" heterosexual.=\"\" ,oly=\"\" explain=\"\" why=\"\" they=\"\" parents=\"\" different=\"\" genders.=\"\" guaranteed=\"\" marry,=\"\" .....=\"\" ii!=\"\" legally=\"\" recognized=\"\" country=\"\" world.=\"\" any=\"\" included=\"\" benefits=\"\" package.=\"\" persons.=\"\" illy=\"\" taught=\"\" schools=\"\" (explicitly=\"\" implicitly)=\"\" naturalness=\"\" l'i}'=\"\" heterosexuality=\"\" affirmed=\"\" religious=\"\" tradition.=\"\" struggle=\"\" 'coming=\"\" out'=\"\" \u00b7outed.'=\"\" un\"=\"\" cj(=\"\" .'jg=\"\" kj..\u00b7aps=\"\" cks=\"\" l!.'visiille=\"\" privjlegf.=\"\" 305=\"\" heteros=\"\" exual=\"\" partner's=\"\" photos=\"\" causing=\"\" office=\"\" gossip=\"\" hostility.=\"\" doo't=\"\" bashed=\"\" after=\"\" leaving=\"\" event=\"\" heterosexuals.=\"\" apply=\"\" adopt=\"\" motives=\"\" questioned.=\"\" refused=\"\" visitation=\"\" rights=\"\" heterosex1.lality=\"\" mistaken=\"\" lifestyle=\"\" but=\"\" merely=\"\" one=\"\" component=\"\" personal=\"\" identity.=\"\" man,=\"\" welcome=\"\" big=\"\" brother=\"\" leader=\"\" boy=\"\" scout's=\"\" troop.=\"\" love=\"\" 'in=\"\" spite=\"\" of'=\"\" heterosexuality,=\"\" nor=\"\" blame=\"\" themselves=\"\" it.=\"\" introduce=\"\" colleagues=\"\" fearing=\"\" may=\"\" block=\"\" promotion=\"\" workplace=\"\" opportunities.=\"\" ha\"e=\"\" exposed=\"\" expressing=\"\" pity=\"\" saying=\"\" 'that's=\"\" okay'=\"\" learning=\"\" consequenn's=\"\" personally=\"\" children,=\"\" especially=\"\" relates=\"\" life.=\"\" movies,=\"\" always=\"\" healthy=\"\" normal.=\"\" child=\"\" abused=\"\" by=\"\" persall,=\"\" suspected=\"\" pedophile=\"\" hctero-=\"\" !rexuality.=\"\" recruiting=\"\" others=\"\" join=\"\" orientation.=\"\" day=\"\" 'heterosexual=\"\" pride=\"\" day:=\"\" 1he=\"\" next=\"\" se=\"\" t=\"\" privileges=\"\" was=\"\" originally=\"\" developed=\"\" !-.-icintosh=\"\" examples=\"\" seems=\"\" me,=\"\" however,=\"\" priviirges=\"\" could=\"\" just=\"\" applied=\"\" traditional=\"\" fonn=\"\" family=\"\" still=\"\" collsiderrd=\"\" norm=\"\" north=\"\" america=\"\" anglo=\"\" democracies-that=\"\" is,=\"\" couple=\"\" type=\"\" course,=\"\" form=\"\" ofheterosexism,=\"\" enjoys=\"\" certain=\"\" flot=\"\" :waibblc=\"\" olher=\"\" forms-single parent=\"\" hvo-(same-sex)-parent=\"\" families.=\"\" fact=\"\" ,=\"\" heterosexual'ditferenhex'=\"\" 306=\"\" cilal-le=\"\" c=\"\" ing=\"\" ppre5s=\"\" i0=\"\" '\"=\"\" lives=\"\" together=\"\" under=\"\" same=\"\" roof=\"\" triggers=\"\" kinds=\"\" socieu.l=\"\" assumptions=\"\" individual=\"\" worth,=\"\" politics,=\"\" life,=\"\" values=\"\" host=\"\" unearned=\"\" advantages=\"\" powers=\"\" them=\"\" (mcintosh=\"\" 2003).=\"\" privuege=\"\" questions=\"\" ahout=\"\" (wo=\"\" different\u00b7=\"\" parents.=\"\" difficulty=\"\" neighbourhoods=\"\" approve=\"\" household.=\"\" il1=\"\" turned=\"\" down=\"\" application=\"\" two=\"\" texts=\"\" classes=\"\" implicitly=\"\" support=\"\" kind=\"\" offamily=\"\" unit=\"\" choice=\"\" domestic=\"\" partnership.=\"\" travel=\"\" expecting=\"\" embarrassment=\"\" hostility=\"\" us.=\"\" meet=\"\" marital=\"\" arrangements=\"\" ils~et=\"\" life=\"\" favourable=\"\" comment=\"\" likeability,=\"\" competence,=\"\" mental=\"\" health.=\"\" weekend=\"\" listeners'=\"\" reactions.=\"\" feel=\"\" welcomed=\"\" 'normal'=\"\" usual=\"\" walks=\"\" both=\"\" institutional=\"\" social.=\"\" adult=\"\" unit,=\"\" .ill=\"\" right=\"\" areas=\"\" women's=\"\" work-=\"\" nursing,.=\"\" hairdressing,.=\"\" so=\"\" on-=\"\" live=\"\" men.=\"\" non-disability=\"\" concerned=\"\" disability=\"\" status,=\"\" sim=\"\" ply=\"\" regard=\"\" myself=\"\" human=\"\" being.=\"\" incapable=\"\" likely=\"\" school=\"\" based=\"\" stereotypes=\"\" underestimate=\"\" abilities=\"\" put=\"\" special=\"\" education=\"\" class=\"\" doesn't=\"\" allow=\"\" develop=\"\" potential.=\"\" (rolltillfud)=\"\" dhlltied=\"\" $om<,=\"\" dud=\"\" ~nd=\"\" menial=\"\" job,=\"\" gi'en=\"\" inad<\"<juatc=\"\" tnining,=\"\" leos=\"\" th.an=\"\" worth.=\"\" regardless=\"\" ~bility,=\"\" i':parated=\"\" othe=\"\" joh.=\"\" uk=\"\" ...=\"\" \u00b7ithout=\"\" worrying=\"\" th~t=\"\" pcople=\"\" anum\"=\"\" nced=\"\" e\"crything.=\"\" ha'e=\"\" endles.=\"\" exhau,ting.=\"\">Lream of.ll1cntion<br \/>\nto a diubility .tatu, lnd (~n simply take my non ,,~ hilit y IUtUI<br \/>\nfor granted.<br \/>\nI Coln succeed without people being surprised becaul&#8217;: they have low<br \/>\nUP&#8221;(t~tioru of my ability to ront.,bute to sodety.<br \/>\nI (an pretty well be ~5sured that heroes, role modds, ~nd respected<br \/>\npeople will sh..lI&#8221;e my non\u00b7disahled SUtus.<br \/>\nI can be aSliured tJut wh&#8221;n 1 &#8220;Iprc.s my Ideas, they &#8220;&#8216;ill not be dismissed<br \/>\nor ignored but &#8220;,HI bt: taken mor&#8221; seriously than ifl werc diublcd.<br \/>\n\u2022 [~have .ccess 10 polling sutions on election da}&#8217; and n,te in pri&#8221;J.cy<br \/>\nwithoutthc help of others.<br \/>\nWhcn I go out in public, l ean bt: pretty sure that I will no! be sldred<br \/>\nat or looked ~t as odd or not belonging and that m05t bUildings will be<br \/>\naccenibl&#8221; to me.<br \/>\no 1 can be aSlured that I &#8230;. :ilI uswlly be taken lieriously and not treated<br \/>\nlike a child.<br \/>\nI anume that &#8220;,ilcn ! need to tnwl, 1 will h~ve ~cce5~ to b,,~~, lT~ins,<br \/>\no1rpl&#8230;nes, and other me~nS of transportation.<br \/>\n\u2022 1 am $i&gt;Ured th.t where&#8221;&#8221; I go, most p;:ol&#8217;le will not feel Jwkward or<br \/>\nlmcomfortable ~ro&#8221;nd me.<br \/>\nI am i\u00a7\u00a7ured that 1 (an particip.at&lt;, active 1)-&#8216; in mainstream society and<br \/>\nwill not be segregated .nto I.J.vLllg si u~tions iu,&#8217;h as nurslllg homes or<br \/>\ninto lip&#8221;dal schools and sports programs.<br \/>\nTh~nks to A1bn G.)oh&#8221;,on (2006) for the ~bo&#8217;e examples of non-dilabiluy<br \/>\nprivileges.<br \/>\nJ08 CIf~LL[NGING OPPRLSMOS<br \/>\nYoung Adult and Middle-Age Privilege<br \/>\nt do not halle to endure people )&#8217;elling at me bec.luse they assume<br \/>\nI cannot hear,<br \/>\nI &#8216;.lI1. be assured that people will not infantilize me by talking &#8216;baby<br \/>\ntalk&#8217; to me,<br \/>\nI am assured that other people &#8230;. &#8220;ill not try to mm dedsions for me,<br \/>\notten &#8230;.. ithout wnsult,Uion,<br \/>\nJ am not likely to be viewed ~5 a burden on sodety md draining the<br \/>\ncountry resour,es,<br \/>\nI do not haw to eJ(perien,c people assuming thai I am stupid or cannot<br \/>\ndo anything for myself,<br \/>\nI do not h,1&#8217;e to endure receiving endless advertisement,,; in the rn.ail<br \/>\nfor funeral arrolllgemcnts, estate planning, pension and insurance<br \/>\nschemes, nursing-home care, and specials on IIIcontinence supplies.<br \/>\nI am not likely to feel useless, lonely, and suicidal because of my age or<br \/>\nhave people pity me because they assume I am lonely md useless.<br \/>\nI can be assured that pt-&#8216;Ople will not equate my ~ge with illness md<br \/>\ninfinnity,<br \/>\nI am assured that people will not consider me as inc~ able of having a<br \/>\nse.x life or that if I do, it must be be,al.l&#8217;c I am a &#8216;dirty old mm:<br \/>\nI don&#8217;t h,we to endure being called &#8216;dear&#8217; or &#8216;love&#8217; by people I don&#8217;t<br \/>\neven know,<br \/>\nI do not haw a steady stream of people coming to my door lying to<br \/>\nme about whal my house needs and trying to rip me off with various<br \/>\nquestionable products and schemes,<br \/>\nI can pretty well be assured th~t charaneu my age in the rno,ies or on<br \/>\ntelevision will not be made fun ofb&lt;:cause of their age,<br \/>\nI am not likely to be referred to in derogatory Icons such as an &#8216;old<br \/>\nfuddy-duddy &#8216; or &#8216;dirty old mm&#8217; or &#8216;you old fart&#8217; or told that [ am &#8216;O1.&#8217;r<br \/>\nthe hill.&#8217;<br \/>\nI do not hJve to endure colleJgues discounting my sc.hol.l.fship without<br \/>\neven reading it because they assume it must be out\u00b7of-date or just<br \/>\ncontains old ideas,<br \/>\nSocial Work and Privilege<br \/>\n13e causc everyone in society is Jifected by oppression and privilege Jnd bccJuse<br \/>\n.::&#8221;,:&#8217;ryon.:: grows up within dnd polrticipJtes in systems of privilege and oppreSSion, then<br \/>\nprivilege is an issue for social worke rs personally and profess ion~lly and for social work<br \/>\norganizations. Social workers ge!l(&#8216;rally arc members of privileged groups. This is not to<br \/>\nsay that many social workers have not experienced oppression or are not members of<br \/>\noppressed groups, On-rall, however, they enjoy many of the privileges outlim&#8217;d l&#8221;arlicr<br \/>\nin this chapter by &#8221;lrtue of their TJCC, job, t&#8217;ducation, middle class, professiolul SLltuS,<br \/>\neconomIC status, age, non\u00b7disability, ,1nd so on. In addition, a sCTvice user quickly<br \/>\nleams that the social workn often has control over the resources th,lI the service user<br \/>\nneeds and has decision.making power owr cerum aspt&#8217;cts oftht, &#8216;CTvice user&#8217;s life thlt<br \/>\ntht, service user does not have over the social worker&#8217;s (~brsiglia and Kulis 20(9).<br \/>\nUnfortunately, just as privilege is not handled w ry well by privileged people generally,<br \/>\nso too Me social worke rs and social work org.lnizations often oblivious to or in denial<br \/>\nof prwilege issm&#8217;s in the course of th cir social work practice.<br \/>\nDominelli (2002) points out that privileged pCOpll&#8217; (indudmg SOCIal workers)<br \/>\nhave Um.&#8217;e strategies .wail.lbk to them to deal with theIr position of domin.1nce o&#8221;er<br \/>\nothers (induding service us.t.\u00b7rs): a demar~ationis t option. an mcorporationist option,<br \/>\nand an egalit.lrian option. Thes(&#8216; three positions can co-exist and overlap e<lch other.=\"\" and=\"\" a=\"\" person=\"\" may=\"\" hold=\"\" more=\"\" th,ln=\"\" one=\"\" of=\"\" them=\"\" simultaneously=\"\" or=\"\" at=\"\" different=\"\" points=\"\" in=\"\" time.=\"\" only=\"\" the=\"\" eg<llitarian=\"\" position=\"\" is=\"\" not=\"\" exduslolury.=\"\" people=\"\" who=\"\" subscribe=\"\" to=\"\" demarcationist=\"\" stratej{}'=\"\" tend=\"\" have=\"\" hierarchical=\"\" view=\"\" world=\"\" orient=\"\" their=\"\" actions=\"\" towards=\"\" keeping=\"\" power=\"\" resourct's=\"\" 1!i=\"\" own=\"\" hands.=\"\" 1hey=\"\" follow=\"\" 'we-them'=\"\" demarcation=\"\" between=\"\" privileged=\"\" inferior=\"\" people.=\"\" 1he=\"\" mcorporationlst=\"\" option=\"\" allows=\"\" for=\"\" collaborltioll=\"\" subordinate=\"\" groups,=\"\" wllh=\"\" those=\"\" arc=\"\" 'othered'=\"\" being=\"\" allowed=\"\" permc.lte=\"\" t.1nk.=\"\" pri-ilcged=\"\" group,=\"\" but=\"\" if=\"\" they=\"\" know=\"\" place=\"\" maintain=\"\" d=\"\" respectful=\"\" distance.=\"\" low-lc\"d=\"\" reform=\"\" aimed=\"\" <it=\"\" improving=\"\" wh.lt=\"\" deemed=\"\" be=\"\" basically=\"\">oulld system is the go,ll of<br \/>\nthe incorporationists, which they achieve throllgh the selective inclusion of people<br \/>\ndrawn from the ranks of the \u00b7other.&#8217; This group of selected people Jre those whom the<br \/>\ndominant group thinks they can trust to be true to the &#8216;alues And traditions of the<br \/>\ndominant group, and they arc given honorary status m the domilJ.lnt group. Howel&#8217;er,<br \/>\nthis honorary status call be withdrawn at ,my time If the hehJI&#8217;lOUr of the person<br \/>\nwho i. dcsign,led as inferior displeases the dominant group. Those m the dominant<br \/>\ngroup who reject the current social system becausl&#8217; uley consider it unfair and unjls<br \/>\nfollow the cgalitarian option. They st&#8217;ek tr.)llsfOrm,ltion of .1 sOCiety chMJcteriud<br \/>\nby inequality and oppression to one that is egalitarian and inclUSIVe of differencc<br \/>\non equal te rms. Anti\u00b7oppressi,-c SOCIal workers, e&#8217;en though thC)&#8217; Illay be members<br \/>\nof pril&#8217;ileged groups. &#8220;&#8221;,,old obviou&gt;ly opt for the eg.llitari,l! ,tratefty. The parallels<br \/>\nbetween the demarcationist and neo-conservatil&#8217;e social work positions, between<br \/>\nthe incorporntionist and liberal\u00b7 humanist SOCI al work pOSitions, and between the<br \/>\negalitarian and critical social work positions should be obvious at this point.<br \/>\nMarsigli,) and Kuli~ (2009) speak to d few problems with r(&#8216;sp&lt;:-( to the I~<ue of=\"\" pril'ilege=\"\" ,1nd=\"\" social=\"\" work=\"\" practice.=\"\" nley=\"\" claim=\"\" th,1t=\"\" the=\"\" ~ociji=\"\" worker's=\"\" pri'ilege.=\"\" ifldt=\"\" unchecked,=\"\" can=\"\" be=\"\" a=\"\" barrier=\"\" to=\"\" empathy=\"\" and.m=\"\" obst.lclc=\"\" culturally=\"\" grounded=\"\" practice=\"\" (le.,=\"\" anti\u00b7oppressive=\"\" practice).lhis=\"\" is=\"\" so=\"\" because=\"\" pri'ilcgc=\"\" makes=\"\" professionals=\"\" assume=\"\" (ertain=\"\" things=\"\" about=\"\" service=\"\" users,=\"\" such=\"\" as=\"\" having=\"\" what=\"\" worker=\"\" h~s=\"\" (a=\"\" cm=\"\" or=\"\" comfortable=\"\" home)=\"\" sharing=\"\" similar=\"\" expl'rience=\"\"> (being able to eat ~ hot breakfast<br \/>\nbefore coming to the agl&#8217;ncy), Service users ,lee usually a,,&#8217;are of priVlkg&lt;&#8216;s enjoyed by<br \/>\nthe social workl&#8217;r even if thl&#8217; social worker is not.<br \/>\nIf left unadd,..,s~d , thIS I&#8221;&#8221;&#8221;~;ved pm\u00b7,lege c~n bt:come an obstacl~ to effecti, ~<br \/>\ncommunication ~nd rapport bUlldint;.. . s clients [wl may usum~ th~t the<br \/>\nprofession.ls c.nnot unJersund whal th,\u00b7y are goIng through due to their lack of<br \/>\nexperience with ,\u00b7(&#8216;ruln oppr~ssi,&#8221;e SltultlOns. Soci.l worhrs, includIng ho~ from<br \/>\nminOrity groups, may bt: in denial .bout the pm\u00b7ileges they enJoy that theIr c1&#8217;ents<br \/>\n[sir} do not. s.:lf\u00b7awlrcnCSS about pn&#8221;iJcgc &#8220;,,,,,.seS soci.1 workers&#8217; effectiveness<br \/>\nand, I!I th~ ~nJ, nhan( s thelT professional and p&#8221;rson.J growth. IgnOring privilege<br \/>\nor minimizl!Ig its imp&#8221;! on the dient\u00b7workn relatIOnshIp may compromise &#8220;&#8216;ppm!<br \/>\nand trust, Ind,ng 10 Ine ffective practl'&#8221; [MafSlglia .nd Kulis 1009, 17J.<br \/>\nIn a study of how a group of (sdf.ddined) len \u00b7of\u00b7centre soci~l ,,\u00b7orker!; dealt with<br \/>\nissues of class, Tace, and g&lt;&#8216;nder in their everyday work, Donna Hames (lOO2) reported<br \/>\non a number of observations made by the study participants on some negative ways<br \/>\nthat somc SOCIal workers and social ,,&#8217;ork supervisors handled issues of priruege. First,<br \/>\none participant noted that many people feared that if the)&#8217; began to talk about giving<br \/>\nup their privilege, they would become subordinated, which had the effect of shutting<br \/>\ndown all discussion on confronting priVilege. Another partiCipant obsHyed that there<br \/>\nis a tendency not to ackllowledgc one&#8217;s own power; rather, everyone wants to be part of<br \/>\nan oppressed group. This sentiment, which i&gt; called the &#8216;tlight to innoc~nce &#8216; by Sharene<br \/>\nRazack ( 1998, cited in Baine. 2002), is a way for people to a,\u00b7oid the rcsponslbillty<br \/>\nfor changing rela tionships of tlominance\u00b7subordin,lion by &#8216;hIding behind some facet<br \/>\nof th~ir identity tha t locates them dose to, or within, subord&#8217;nated groups&#8217; ( 1998,<br \/>\ncited in Baines 2002, 192 ). This is a revc.lling obseTl&#8217;Jtlon that supports what Johnson<br \/>\nasserts about privilege in that it shows th,lI llcople are mort&#8217; willing to confront the,r<br \/>\nsubordinate stJ.tus than th~y arc their priVileged positIons. Bames speculates that<br \/>\nbecause mJny social work models emphasize seems the world through the e)&#8217;e.<br \/>\nof service users and fai] to recognize (or at least addrrss) the power .md privileges<br \/>\nthat social workers posSl&#8217;ss on thr basis of theIr education, class, employment, Tace,<br \/>\n,lntl so on, the n&lt;&#8216;ed to identif}&#8217; one.elf as ,1 member of ,Ill oppressed group is the<br \/>\nlogiu.l extension of such models. I think it is ,uso J way of denpng that part of one&#8217;s<br \/>\nidentity is associated with the harm others ex)(&#8216;rie11l:c because of oppreSSIon and it<br \/>\ngets people off the hook in terms of taking any responsibihty for doing something<br \/>\nabout it. I agree WIth B,uncs (2002, 192) when she says that &#8216;little is achieved by<br \/>\nI&#8217;nvilegcd people sh,lring powcrlessness while much can be achu,&#8217;wd by redistnbutmg<br \/>\npower and building p-ohticilcd, &#8216;lffirming idenlltirs. Lr.lrning ho'&#8221; to use power and<br \/>\nprivilege, rJthn than den}&#8217;ing it (.!;ic :, is part of the challcnge of the anti-racist [and<br \/>\nanti-oppressIve] project:<br \/>\n&#8220;&#8216;P~ K1-&#8220;G Q UA K~&#8217;AI&#8217;)&#8221;AC&#8221;5 OF LIlt SIMU PRJ,&#8217;IUGE 311<br \/>\nIn addition to how II affects people, the trouble that surrounds pnvllege also aifeCIS<br \/>\norganizations such as workplaces (including social work &#8220;gencies) and uni&#8217;ersilies<br \/>\n(including SOCi,ll work programs). lhe prevalence of prwilegc and oppression in<br \/>\norgJ.nizations is one of our best kept secrets for those with privilege and one of our<br \/>\nworst kept secrets for .members of subordmate groups .. Iost of the time, people act<br \/>\nas though there were no issues of privilege and opprCS~lOn, and the organi1,.lIion<br \/>\neither denies thai anything is wrong or is oblinous to it- undl d crisis occurs and<br \/>\nthe typical reaction is panicked efforts ,11 damage control to minimiz&lt;- bad publicity<br \/>\nor legal eXpOSUfl&#8217; (Johnson 20(6). lfleft unattended. privilege makes organi7&#8243;tions<br \/>\nincreasingly dysfunctionJ.l Jnd vulnerable. In d society such as ours that is character ized by relationships of privilege lnd oppression, the Jssumption cannot be th.lt<br \/>\nbecause no one has complained, therefore there is no problem with oppression<br \/>\nin an organi1.ation. Th(&#8216; workplace and the uniwrsity art: part of the larger socIC!Y.<br \/>\nPeople in the ,&#8217;,orkplacc or in the university have grown up and been mciaiized in<br \/>\nthe larger societ),. To some degree, the urgJni1.ation hJ.s to renect the larger 50Cl(&#8216;ty.<br \/>\nwhich includes the existence of oppression ,md privilege, Prhilcg&#8217;\u00b7 ,md oppression<br \/>\nmust become a p~rt of the organiution&#8217;s agend;l, and it must be dIscussed. The<br \/>\nsilence must be broken. Otherwise, white men, for in,lance, will sec little reason to<br \/>\nexamine themselves in relation to the racism and sexism thaI haunt the lin&#8217;S of so<br \/>\nmany people or to see how living in a r,lcist J.nd sexi,! society h,1$ influenced them<br \/>\nwith respect to how they see the world or how they rega rd women, people of colour,<br \/>\npersons with disablllli(&#8216;s, and so on (Johnson 2006). It is not enollgh for the boss<br \/>\nor the instructor to treat women as they would men or people of colour as they<br \/>\nwould white people, because seXIsm and r.&#8221;ism go beyond one person&#8217;s intentIons<br \/>\nor behJ.iours. If prh&#8217;i!ege and subordination Me no! discussed in the or!tanintion, it<br \/>\nbecomes very difficult or nsky for a member of J subordinate group to TalSe issues of<br \/>\npriVilege. If subordinate group members become uncomfortable &#8220;orking or studying<br \/>\nin an orpni1Jtion because critical i.sues arc not addressed, the organiz&#8221;tion will<br \/>\nbecome known as a place where they are not fully welcome. Person.&#8221; who aTe not<br \/>\nwhite, heterosexual, male, non-disabled, and so on will realize that they can do better<br \/>\nelsewhere, &#8216;someplace where you can look at those WIth power ,lIld lIIHuence ;Illd .e(&#8216;<br \/>\npeople who look ilke you&#8217; (johnson, 64 6j). Owtimc, thesl:&#8217; other pbces WIll do<br \/>\nbetter because of their diverse population of students or workers Jnd becau~e they aTt~<br \/>\nable to ~ttract and keep talent from ~ larger p&#8217;ool ofindlviduJls.<br \/>\nWhat Can We Do?&#8217;<br \/>\nThere arc no edSY answers to the que,tion of what we can do about the problem of<br \/>\nprivilege .tnd oppression. Ihere is no recipe book or how-to manu;l or 12-step pro\u00b7<br \/>\ngram. Nor is there .tny way around or over the problem. We must ccnfront it heaJ-on<br \/>\nand go through it if we are to nuke n difference, The follo&#8221;ing afl&#8217; some of the t.lsks<br \/>\nthat can be carried out in confronting pnv,]egc .tn&#8221;! unsettling ~ystem 5 of privilege.<br \/>\n3 I 2 C H &#8220;U.\u00a3NGI.&#8217;I&#8221; OPPIlI&#8217;SSIOS<br \/>\nI, Rrdailll lire words, One of Ihe inherent characteristics of professionalism is that<br \/>\nc,lch profession develops a professional discourse or vocabulary, For J long time,<br \/>\nsocial work had a clmical or therapeutic discourse, mainly becollse It aligned it5elf with<br \/>\nthe medIColl model and adoptc,i counselling or therapy as ways of dcalmg With mClal<br \/>\nproblems and people experiencing sodal problems. Much of our discourse today, it<br \/>\nseems to me, is J n5equcnc.: of trying to avoid politically charg.:d terms or words<br \/>\nso that we do not olfend Ihe public, our employers. mainstream social &#8220;.. orkers. and<br \/>\nso on. In an earlier chapter, i made the argument that the term &#8216;SOClal mequality&#8221; is<br \/>\none of those bourgeoiS, t.:chnic.:lI, polite, and professional te rms that tend 10 reduce<br \/>\nthe political charg.: or the imperative of domg mmething about the violent outcomes<br \/>\nof oppression, We should identify SOCi,ll inequality for whdt it is-mcially sanctioned<br \/>\nsocl,llterrorism and structural violence. Then maybe we willtakc it more seTiously and<br \/>\ntry to do more about elimmating it.<br \/>\nSimilarly, soci.u work has de&#8217;eloped J di$Course ,lbolll difference that has hnle<br \/>\npolitical charge ;u1d does not make people feel uncomfortable when they hear<br \/>\nthe &#8220;&#8221;Ords in the discourse-words hkc dl1:TSlty, lalerance, cultural Sensillvlty,<br \/>\ndpprecidting difference. Contrast these words with the followlllg: TJci~m, sexism,<br \/>\npatri.l!chy, domination, privilege, oppre ~ion, subordinatIOn, anti\u00b7Semltism, cbssism.<br \/>\nThe latter group of &#8220;&#8221;Ord~ ~C1 ally names problems, and these &#8221; &#8216;ords tend to be the<br \/>\nvocabulary of people hurt by the problems. People from priv!lcgcd groups Me often<br \/>\nuncomfortable with ~uch words because they do not want to look at &#8220;,holt thcy point<br \/>\nto. White mcn, for example, tend not to want to lool at seXIsm or racism. Heterosexual<br \/>\npersons do not want to look at h~teroseXlsm. Pnvileged persons would rather hear<br \/>\n&#8230; \u00b7ords such as diversity, appreciating difference, tolerance, and cultural sens,ti&#8217;\u00b7lty.<br \/>\nbecause they are good things to talk about and the language is polite (Johnson 2006).<br \/>\nThe political func tion of using te rms such as these. howl'&#8221;&#8216;cr, LS that the), cover over the<br \/>\ntroubles associated with racism and other forms of oppreHlon and privilege. And if<br \/>\nwe cannot talk dbout a trouble. then we cannot do llIuch aboutlt. &#8216;\\&#8217;oros lib sexIsm<br \/>\nand pri&#8217;ilege point to something difficult and painful III our history th.lt contillues III<br \/>\neverydar life in our SOl:;&#8221;ty. Th.:lt me.lllS th.1I the re is no way to tall about it &#8230; \u00b7uhout<br \/>\ndifficulty .:Iml pain&#8217; (Johmon 2006, 10). On.\u00b7 thmg we can do thcn a.s anti\u00b7oppn,\u00b7ss,vc<br \/>\nsoci:&#8217;lJ  .. orkers IS to rccl.lim the words of oPPl&#8221;(&#8216;mon .md prh,Jegl&#8217; ,In,1 r.&#8217;~Og!II&#8217;U th.!!<br \/>\na word like &#8216;racist&#8217; docs not mean &#8216;bad white people&#8217; or &#8216;sexi,t &#8216; does not meln &#8216;b,ld<br \/>\nmen&#8217; or &#8216;feminism&#8217; docs not mean belllg a lesbian or llIan\u00b7h,ller. \\&#8217;1&#8242; can usc v&gt;&#8217;)rds<br \/>\n!lle oppression Jnd domination .lIld sexism withoLJt being 0ppl&#8217;5sive or dominant or<br \/>\nSCXISt. If we .If(&#8221; going to be p.lrt of the solution with respect to diminol!ing oppression<br \/>\nJnd all the h,mn It causes, then w.: Illilst drop our defcnsll&#8217;e senslhvlt}\u00b7 to that difficult<br \/>\ndiscourse and the reahty to which it points.<br \/>\n2. Adatow\/t dgt tlllll Ol&#8217;prfHIO&#8221; <l1ii l'm=\"\" \"=\"\" lgl=\"\" (.'isl.=\"\" o~t=\"\" systems=\"\" of=\"\" privilege=\"\" malllt.j.lil=\"\" opprc~slon=\"\" by=\"\" den}'lilg=\"\" or=\"\" illlllillli7.ing=\"\" ~=\"\" existence,=\"\" b)'=\"\" hl'lilling=\"\" p.:ople=\"\" expericncing=\"\" oppression,=\"\" call1llg=\"\" it=\"\" something=\"\" else,=\"\" diverting=\"\" at1ention=\"\" .lway=\"\" from=\"\" it.=\"\" there=\"\" would=\"\" be=\"\" much=\"\" morc=\"\" oppo=\"\">ition to pTJl&#8221;,lcgc if people with privilege were .1 &#8230;. .11&#8242; of<br \/>\nhow it atf &#8230; cts the c,\u00b7cr),dJ.Y lives of bordinlte groups. Aw.ueness by itself is not<br \/>\ncnough, however. W &#8230; must main tain this awareness in th &#8230; face of J. system characteri\/.cd<br \/>\nby paths of least r .. sistance that !cad away from critical awar &#8230; ness of how systems of<br \/>\nprivil &#8230; ge and oppression work. It is f.mt.uy to think that wc can rnd privilege without<br \/>\nchanging thc syst &#8230; m th.!.t allows a small minority of privikgrd peopl &#8230; to hd'(&#8216; J<br \/>\nmonopoly on political power arid to own most of the wodd&#8217;s wealth and resources,<br \/>\nleaving the rest of the poPUI.ltion to fight over whdt is left. It is also fanla~)&#8221; to think tha t<br \/>\nwe can end privilege by changing the W.l}&#8221; indh1du.lls think. The crucial task is to apply<br \/>\nour understanding of how system. of oppression and privilege work and to change<br \/>\nthe systems themselves- soci.ll, economic, cultural. political. religious, familial, and<br \/>\nso on. Maintaining a critical awareness of privilege t.lkes commitllll.&#8217;nt .lnd work .. 1Ild<br \/>\n10 hang Ollto this awareness we must make it part of our cyeryd.lY lives.<br \/>\n3. Pay art~&#8217;ltioll. Dc,&#8221;eloping an understanding of Nhat priVilege dnd oppression<br \/>\nare and how th &#8230; ), opnJte .lIld how we participate in th(&#8216;lll is the first st(&#8216;p in workmg<br \/>\nfor change. Thc Simplest W.l)&#8221; to de,&#8221;c1op an underst.mding is to make reading about<br \/>\nprh&#8217;ikge part of our ,,\u00b7(&#8216;s. It is ea&gt;)&#8217; to have.m opinion, but it take, work to know what<br \/>\n)&#8221;ou arc talking about. Some peopk assume that !J.:CdUS(&#8216; prinlege and opprl&#8217;sslon arc<br \/>\npart of e,&#8221;(&#8216;ryday life or because they have experienced oppres~lon, then they know<br \/>\n,111 thcy ha'&#8221;c to know. How(,V!.&#8217;:T, on(&#8216; penon cannot l)Os,ibly eXperlCllCe all that is<br \/>\ninvolved in opprcssion and privilege. As weU, our experiences are so lkeply .Ih.lp &#8230; d<br \/>\nby privilege Jnd oppression thlt often, what we think we know misses the mark. &#8220;111.1<br \/>\nis wh)&#8221; activists t.llk to one another and r(&#8216;ad each others work . bccause s(&#8216;eing things<br \/>\nck.uly is trick)&#8221; business. &#8220;niece is a vast literature on issues of privilege available HI any<br \/>\nd &#8230; c &#8230; nt library system, although as Johnson (2006) obser&#8221;C~, you would nc&#8221;er know<br \/>\nit, judging from its invisibility in the mass media and mainstreJ.lll bookstores. The<br \/>\nm.1SS medi.l would rather discuss wh.,ther or not men and wOlll(&#8216;n an&#8217; from (litf&#8221;n.&#8217;nt<br \/>\nplanets or h.we dill &#8230;. rcnt brains than examine the reality of m.lle privilege. Reading<br \/>\nIS just the b(&#8216;ginnHlg, how &#8230; wr. because at some point we have to look at oursd&#8221;rs<br \/>\nand society .lnd see whether we can identify what we arc rl&#8217;ading about. For example.<br \/>\nonce we haw included the concept of &#8216;paths of least Tl&#8217;sistance&#8217; into our everyda)&#8221;<br \/>\nconKiousness. we begin to ~ &#8230;&#8230; t hem everywhere. If privile):(&#8216;d groups arc to take thclr<br \/>\nshare of responsibility for dealing with issues of privilege, thcn we must listen, obsuvc,<br \/>\nask, read, and listen again- we must make it our busmCS5 to tind out for oursl&#8217;iws.<br \/>\nUsing My Privilege to Advance the Cause<br \/>\nFor the past Ii&#8221; &#8230; y(&#8216;ars, I have been the dean of the Faculty of Social Work at<br \/>\nthe Un,,&#8221;ersity of Manitoba. It is one of the largest social work programs in<br \/>\nCanada, with three campuses, three degree levels, a large distance-education<br \/>\nUsing My Privilt!gt! to Advance the Cause (continued)<br \/>\nprogram, dose to 1,000 students, and ~ budget of approrim~tely 56 million.<br \/>\nAs de~n, I w~s a member of the senior ~dministration in the university, and 1<br \/>\nhad a wry busy job. Ont: day I w~s giving ~ guest lecture, and a student asked<br \/>\nme the foHowing question, &#8216;You have written a lot on structunl and mti\u00b7<br \/>\noppressive social work, but don&#8217;t you think it is all talk! I mean, you have 01<br \/>\nbig job here and i1re part of management-some would say part oflhe enemy.<br \/>\nHow can you write ilIl this stuff and not practise it in your big fancy job!&#8217;<br \/>\nFortunately, it &#8220;&#8216;&#8221;&#8221;as ~ question thilt I had frequently asked myself, so I<br \/>\nwas able to respond to it based on an ongoing critical reflection I have<br \/>\nilI &#8230; &#8220;,.ys carried out with respect to my job and my prhileges. I told the<br \/>\ndl&amp;s that I viewed my job as doing anti\u00b7oppressive social wod-jun in a<br \/>\ndiffermt position from that of iI mainstream social work)Db. As dean, I was<br \/>\nresponsible for many aspects of the faculty, which induded hiring (faculty<br \/>\nand staff), faculty development, supporting equity measures, curriculum,<br \/>\nand poliCies and procedures-not total responsibility for all of them, but<br \/>\nI had si~ltificant input and influence, not onI}\u00b7 because of my position but<br \/>\nalso because of my scholarship. [ was able, for example, to write the faculty<br \/>\nposition descriptions specifying that one of the criteria for applicanu was<br \/>\nknowledge of m ti\u00b7oppressh\u00b7e social work or some aspect ofit. I WilS able to<br \/>\nhire st.lff members from subordinate groups if there &#8220;&#8216;&#8221;ere such applications,<br \/>\nand I was able to seek out such applicants. I do not think it is right (for all<br \/>\nkinds of reasons) for a student from a subordinate group (approxim;ue!y<br \/>\nhalf our students were Aboriginal) to come into our general office and see<br \/>\na &#8216;sea of white faces&#8217;- what has been called in the literature on privilege a<br \/>\n&#8216;white-out.&#8217; [ was able to compose the mission statement for the faculty in<br \/>\na way that rdlected social justice and anti.oppressive goah and principles. I<br \/>\nwas able to hire faculty persons from subordinate groups and support them<br \/>\nduring their initial adjustment period with the facult)&#8217;. [was able to push the<br \/>\ncurriculum agenda towards more I n!i.opprusive content, .J.Ithough this &#8220;as<br \/>\nalways a sensitive matter because not all social work faculty members are in<br \/>\nfavour of and-oppressiv!.&#8217; concepts. I was able to support the lXjuit}&#8217; programs<br \/>\nat our social work campuli in northern Manitoba where Aborigin.u persons<br \/>\nmade up 80 per cent of the student body. In the inner-city program. we<br \/>\ngave preference to applicanu who wert&#8217; refugees or immigrantJi, Aboriginal<br \/>\npeople, disabled persons, persons of colour, and resource-poor persons (all<br \/>\npersOll&amp; admitted had to meet a minim.ll academic st:mdard). Now, much<br \/>\nof the equity measures were in place when I ilITived in Mmitoba, but I was<br \/>\nUsing My Privilege to Advance the Cause (contirllud)<br \/>\na.ble to support and help to develop them. On the national level, I recall a<br \/>\nmeeting of the Canadian Associa.tion of Deans a.nd Directors of Schools of<br \/>\nSocial Vork during which&#8221; small committee from the Canadian Association<br \/>\nof Schools of Social Work presented a proposal to us that would require all<br \/>\nschools or faculties of social work to ha,&#8217;e an equity plan for its programs,<br \/>\nThis would entail establishing goals with respect to ensuring that the school&#8217;s<br \/>\npersonnel, curriculum coment, policies (e.g., tenure and promotion) and<br \/>\nprocedures, and so on wOl.lld reflect the concerns and issues of groups who<br \/>\nIuve historically (,lced insurmountable objects with respect to ge tting into<br \/>\nuniversity and who arc in subordinate and inferior social positions in today&#8217;s<br \/>\nsociety. A number of the heads of social work programs seemed quite hostile<br \/>\nto the notion of equity as well as to the group &#8230;. \u00b7ho was presenting. 1 was<br \/>\nable to intervene, using my position as dean of a large social work program,<br \/>\nas someone who had an extensive publication re cord and was respected by<br \/>\nmost of the other social work academics present, and as someone who had<br \/>\nbe.::n around for a long time and could articulate the need for such a policy,<br \/>\nThe hostility to the committee Jnd its proposal n:garding an equity plan as<br \/>\na standard of accreditation .::vapornted. In other words, I was able to use my<br \/>\nprivilege to advance the cause of anti-oppression,<br \/>\nThe above is not intended to draw positive attention to me but to show that<br \/>\nyou do not have to be in a frontline social work position to successfu!lr carry<br \/>\nout anti\u00b7opprcssh&#8217;C practice. The need for such prJctice is all around us, both<br \/>\nin our work lives and in our personal lives.<br \/>\n4. Lwnl to \/j$ft\u00bb. Johnson (2006, (41 ) !hl)&#8217;S it best in thc following Mssagc:<br \/>\ntt ent ,&#8217;~ listening is e~ c&#8217;i .. lly difficult fo&#8217; membus of domin nt groups. If S.()lownc<br \/>\nconfront. you With you, own bch~&#8221;i our h~1 sup?Orts priVilege, &gt;kp off the p~,h of<br \/>\nleast remt .. nc. Ih~t encour~g'&#8221;&#8216; s you to defend and d~ny. Don&#8217;, tell Ih~m they&#8217;re 100<br \/>\nsen.!ill&#8217;\u00b7e or need J better s&lt;: $~ of humor, and doo&#8217;t Ir)&#8217; to upbm ~&#8221;&#8216;.)&#8217; wh~t )&#8217;ou ,hd<br \/>\n. 5 something else th~n whJt they&#8217;,,\u00b7 telling you it wa~. Don&#8217;t la;&#8217; )\u00b7ou dldn&#8217;t &#8220;&#8216;0&#8217;0 II<br \/>\nor ,hat you were only kiJdm!S. Don&#8217;t tell them what a champ&#8221;,n of Justice you d&#8217;e<br \/>\nor ho'&#8221; hurt )&#8217;ou feel beCJ us,&#8221;, of &#8216;h~t they\u00b7r. tdhng )\u00b7ou. Don&#8217;, make Jokes or try<br \/>\nto be cute o r ~fmln , sinc,&#8221;, onl)&#8217; aC(e$$ to pri&#8217;ilege can lead someone to bell.,&#8217;.<br \/>\nthesc ,1fe acceptable responsel to somethmg a5 seriol1&#8242; a. prl&#8217;ilcgc dnd oppreSSIOn.<br \/>\nListen 10 Whll IS bemg Solid. T3ke it seriousl)&#8221;. Assume for the lime bemgthat It &#8216;S tru.,<br \/>\nbecause l~en the pow.r of path&gt; of lust e~ Jnc., it proix,hl)&#8217; I \u2022. And then take<br \/>\nresponsibility to do somethm g aboul it.<br \/>\n316 C\/( lL[.&#8217;;GING OPPUSSIO\/&lt;.\u00b7<br \/>\nS. Little rISks: Du somethmg. The more we pay anemion to pnvilege and oppressIOn,<br \/>\nthe more we &#8230;. ill see opportulUtiC5 to do something about them. OpportunitH.\u00b7s eXIst<br \/>\neverywhere, beginning with oursclws. We can become cognizant of the paths of<br \/>\nleast resistance that we follow and our relationship to them that makes it so easy to<br \/>\nfollow them. For myself, it C;in mean trying to stop hogging air time and interrupting<br \/>\nothers (especially women) and learning new y~ of hs!ening more and lalking less.<br \/>\nOr it can mean that I stop avoiding looking at or communicating with persons who<br \/>\nhave noticeable dis,lbilitics and learning to gCl over my feclings of discomfort and<br \/>\nawkwardness. Then:: is no limit to the number of paths of least resistance that I can<br \/>\nstep off. It is not just a matter of changing pe ~onal beha~our, however, because the<br \/>\nchoices I make are connected to the systems in which! par!iClp;i!e. By op,nly changmg<br \/>\nhow I participate in a syst&lt;&#8216;m, I not only change my beh;iviour but I also contnbute<br \/>\nto changing how that .ys!em operati&#8217;s. Changing the world Ifl&#8217;olves the dynamIC<br \/>\nrelationship ben'&#8221;een personal and social change. OtherwJYs that we can help to make<br \/>\na difference include the follOWing:<br \/>\nMake noise and be &gt;f&#8217;ffl. Every system of prhilcge and oppression depends on<br \/>\nsilence. Rather than collude in it, we should show up, st.lnd up, speak out, Sign<br \/>\npetitions, write leners, volunteer.<br \/>\nFi&#8221;d little ways of gettiug &#8220;if the patll$ of Icast n:sistll&#8221;a. It can be as simple as not<br \/>\nlaughing at a racist or sexist or he terosexist joke or stepping it up a notch and<br \/>\nsaying that you do not find such Jokes funny. It can be wnting to the editor<br \/>\nof )&#8217;our local newspaper to protest any in~unces of sexism or racism or any<br \/>\nother form of oppression that appe~ rt&#8217; d in the paper. In Ihis wa)&#8217;, )&#8217;01,1 interfere<br \/>\nwith the normal flow of b usiness and subvert the asswnplion that everybody<br \/>\nis going along with the Status quu by not [;omg along WIth it.<br \/>\nlJa&#8221; to make pwplt ffd Imcomfortablt, starting k&#8217;itli ),<llm;( f=\"\" one=\"\" could=\"\" jsk=\"\" about=\"\" the=\"\" profile=\"\" of=\"\" employees=\"\" in=\"\" one's=\"\" workplace=\"\" if,=\"\" for=\"\" ~jmple,=\"\" most=\"\" clerical=\"\" staff=\"\" arc=\"\" women=\"\" ami=\"\" ihe=\"\" managenal=\"\" men=\"\" or=\"\" ifther.:::=\"\" is=\"\" a=\"\" sea=\"\" white=\"\" faces=\"\" university=\"\" .umisslons=\"\" faculty=\"\" office=\"\" to=\"\" greet=\"\" members=\"\" diverse=\"\" society=\"\" with=\"\" m~ny=\"\" 6=\"\" ces=\"\" that=\"\" noi=\"\" white.=\"\" some=\"\" people=\"\" would=\"\" object=\"\" making=\"\" others=\"\" (eel=\"\" uncomfomble,=\"\" but=\"\" there=\"\" nothmg=\"\" comfortablr=\"\" ax,ut=\"\" being=\"\" member=\"\" an=\"\" oprressl\"d=\"\" group,=\"\" and=\"\" systems=\"\" privilege=\"\" do=\"\" lot=\"\" more=\"\" than=\"\" make=\"\" peork=\"\" feel=\"\" uncomfort.lbl.\u00b7.=\"\" almost=\"\" any=\"\" sigmficant=\"\" social=\"\" mowment=\"\" (e.g.,=\"\" suffr:,geuc=\"\" movem.\"nt,=\"\" !he=\"\" civil=\"\" tlghu=\"\" movement,=\"\" trade=\"\" union=\"\" movement)=\"\" has=\"\" depended=\"\" on=\"\" discomfort=\"\" disruption=\"\" bnng=\"\" .1bout=\"\" change.=\"\" opmly=\"\" ,=\"\" 100,(=\"\" ilfid=\"\" modd=\"\" illtenllllll'e=\"\" 1\"ltll5.=\"\" as=\"\" we=\"\" identify=\"\" paths=\"\" kjs!=\"\" resistance=\"\" th.lt=\"\" tend=\"\" (ollow,=\"\" (an=\"\" alternative=\"\" jnd=\"\" openly=\"\" follow=\"\" them=\"\" so=\"\" p\"ople=\"\" can=\"\" sec=\"\" what=\"\" doing.=\"\" ofleas!=\"\" resistall(e=\"\" become=\"\" visible=\"\" when=\"\" )ll\"oplc=\"\" alternatives,=\"\" just=\"\" rules=\"\" morc=\"\" thc)'=\"\" me=\"\" broken.=\"\" an)'=\"\" instructor=\"\" will=\"\" tell=\"\" you=\"\" students=\"\" ~it=\"\" thl'=\"\" s,lin!.'=\"\" s(,j.t=\"\" every=\"\" tllne=\"\" they=\"\" attend=\"\" class=\"\" th,u=\"\" it=\"\" extremely=\"\" n.oticeable=\"\" seating=\"\" pattnn=\"\" broken=\"\" lu,l=\"\" occasion.=\"\" promoi(=\"\" dwtlgr=\"\" ill=\"\" iw\",=\"\" ly,trm.=\"\"> ,Ire orgmu:cti 1Ir()Unti pm\u00b7ilege. &#8216;!be<br \/>\npossibilities ue .l.l.most endless. bee,lUse pri&#8217;ilege is cI\u00b7crywhcre. We could,<br \/>\nfor example, ad&#8221;ocdte for equJ.hty in the workpl.!ce. not sUI&#8217;P{lrt busllIesses<br \/>\nthat engage in unfa.ir labour practices or th.lt ,]fl&#8217; inaccessible to people with<br \/>\ndisabilities (and tell the businesses why we do not support them). support fair<br \/>\ntrade businesses, join international org.lni1 ations such .IS the ,mtl&#8217;globJ.lizatlOn<br \/>\nmovement or the pt:~ce movement or the ennronment.ll mon&#8217;ment or<br \/>\nAmnesty international, 5uPlhlrt &#8216;end Icgi~lated powrty&#8217; organizations. Openly<br \/>\nsupport and compliment people when they uke ,111 ,Iitrrnative p.lth to that of<br \/>\nthe least r(&#8216;sistance.<br \/>\nThe above activities for confronting .Ind ch.lllenging prh&#8217;ilcge were develop&#8221;d by<br \/>\nAlbnJohnson (2006) for an.yone in society who might he concerned &#8220;&#8216;Ith is,ues of<br \/>\nprivilege and oppression, ObViously, they have relevance for social workers who follow<br \/>\na social justice mandate. In the prevIous chapter, I outlined&#8221; number of principII&#8217;S<br \/>\nof anti\u00b7oppressive social work pr,lc tice th.1! Jrt&#8217; equ,lly relevant to confronting .md<br \/>\nresisting priVilege-everything from haVing d goal of sod,ll tramfornl.ltion to the<br \/>\nconstruCll&#8217;e use of anger.<br \/>\nA number of wTiters ad&#8221;oc.ne tholt members of priVileged groups become &#8216;allies&#8217;<br \/>\nof subordinate groups and work collectively to overcome relationships of priVilege<br \/>\n,lnd oppression (c.g., SIsneros et at. 2008; Bishop 2002). In her book B~w&#8221;&#8216;IIIE II&#8221;<br \/>\n,&#8217;\/ly: BfI&#8217;Ilki&#8221;E tll~ Cycle of OPI&#8217;rl&#8217;ssw,[, Anne I3ishop presents .1 portrait of alhcs as<br \/>\npersons who are socially .Iware, .lfe connected with III\/ olher people, ha,&#8221;e a cntical<br \/>\nan.,lysis of social structUfl::S, Il-O&#8217;isess J. collective ori,&#8217;ntalion .1, opposed to on~ that<br \/>\nis individu:llistic, have an cc~ptan(&#8220;e of struggle and .l sense of proces&lt;, h.l,\u00b7e an<br \/>\nunderstandmg of &#8216;power With&#8221; .IS oppo,ed to &#8216;power owr; and haw a hIgh dq;rce of<br \/>\nself. underst,nding, a knowledge ofh,sory, and an undcrstandmg th.lt good lIItentJOns<br \/>\ndo not malter if there is no action against oppression. She m.lke. Ihe p01l11h.l1 the<br \/>\ns:une characteristics are typical ofpeoplc who ,Ire well advanced in their ,&#8221;wn Iibcr.ltion<br \/>\nprocess. Bishop (2002, 110) sa}&#8217;s of allies:<br \/>\nallies unJerSlanJ th~t. JS p &#8230; t of,\u00b7 dnoul opp &#8230;.. ssor groups whn~ . mJl~ .. lble\u00b7bo&lt;.ilcJ.<br \/>\nheterosuual, mlddl&#8221; or ~bo&#8221;e in the dHS stnl(lure), th&#8221;y d,J nOl Ind idu~ll y brmg<br \/>\nIhe lt u~ lon [e f eppresslol1 j ~bout ~l1d Ihey CJnl10t JUS! fl&#8221;ach out with goodw,]] ~nd<br \/>\nsol&#8217;e II. They unde&#8217;$!~nd tI ~I thcy mUM (t With olh&#8221;,s [not for oth&#8221;,&#8221;, or on h&lt;.:half<br \/>\nof otheo &#8216; 10 contrihute to ch ngc . \u00b7lhe)\u00b7 bdi,\u00b7,\u00b7c Ih~I to do nothing IS to fl&#8221;lIlforct<br \/>\nthe ,Iulu&lt; quo: .. . &#8216;Ihey t\u00bb.oc rrsponsibilu)\u00b7 fM hdp'&#8221;g to $ok&#8221; probiems or&#8217; h&#8217;5tor&#8221; ~l<br \/>\ninjustIC'&#8221; WIhout l~kJng on III, I i,Ju~l guilt. Mo.1 look for wh~t thty .. ~n do. wuh<br \/>\nothns. in ~ Strol,&#8217;SIC WJy, and try 10 ,,(&#8216;(&#8216;cP! their limluliom l&#8221;,yon.t Ih~!.<br \/>\n318 C IlALLItNG!NG OPP H5SION<br \/>\nAJlies would ~arry out most if not all of the activities outlined above &#8230;. ;th respect 10<br \/>\nconfronting and trying to change systems of pm&#8217;ilege. Bishop presents an extell5;w liM<br \/>\nof questions .llld gludelines that ,someone considering becoming an ally to oppressed<br \/>\ngroups should a~k himself or herself. The most important guideline for being an aily, in<br \/>\nmy view, is that the role of the ally is to help or assist oppressed groups in any way one<br \/>\ncan in their struggle for liberation. Under no circumstances should one assume that<br \/>\none knows better or should be the leader just because one IS a member of a privileged<br \/>\ngroup- thiS is probably the worst thing one could do. Becoming .ilues and\/ or doing<br \/>\nsomething else to combat social injustice and inequality in our society is critical.<br \/>\nAlthough not powerless to affect their own liVlOg conditions, oppressed groups<br \/>\ncannot, by themselves, do away with entrenched systems of pmi!ege. Wtwt is needed<br \/>\nis for pri&#8217;,leged persons to make the problem of privilege thm problem and to do<br \/>\nsomething aoom It (johnson 2006). Becoming an ally is one way of doing this.<br \/>\nThe fina.l action 10 be mentioned here that we can take to undo our priilege IS for<br \/>\neach of us to take what Peggy Mcintosh c.ills our &#8216;inVIsible knapsack&#8217; and remow all<br \/>\nofit.~ contents. &#8216;rhls im&#8217;i5ihle knaps.&#8221;lck contains all the benefits that come to us ~imply<br \/>\nbecause we arc white, or male, or straight, or mIddle-class, or non\u00b7disabled. &#8216;VI&#8217; have<br \/>\nto open that knapsack, dWllp out the contents. and uke a look at all the different IH)&#8217;S<br \/>\nthat these a~cribed characteristics (those we are born with) ha&#8217;C become so obsmred<br \/>\nand invisible thnt we have cOllie to believe that the privileg,es &#8230;. &#8216;C ha&#8217;e 10 our b&#8217;Cs an&#8217;<br \/>\nthe result of some kind of ,l(ruevement on our parts. In mhl&#8217;! words, we have to dispel<br \/>\nthe myth of meritocracy. We must use our une,lrned ad&#8217;antagcs to weaken tudden<br \/>\nsystems of pr;,&#8217;ilcge and our arbitrarily &#8220;&#8221;&#8216;ardcd power to reconstruct power systems<br \/>\non a broader base.<br \/>\nConclusion<br \/>\nThis cbpter focused on privilege, which is the Illp side of oppression. The relalOI15hip<br \/>\nbetween the m&#8217;o is direct and unambiguous. We hJ.ve oppr .. ssion beCJuse we h,IW<br \/>\npriVIlege. Privilege benefits one group at the expense of many groups. In d&#8217;SCUSSing<br \/>\nthe nature of priVIlege, we sal&#8217; th,lt it IS surrounded by a paradox in that tho~e who<br \/>\nh,we privilege tend 1I0t to know it or kllOw how privI!ege hJ.ppens from one 1Il0ment<br \/>\nto the next. [t is im&#8217;iSlble to mOSI privileged rersons but not to 0ppn&#8217;ssed groups. For<br \/>\nthe most part, pnvdeged persons behe&#8221;&#8221; th,11 the unearned advant\u00b7J.ges attached 10<br \/>\ntheir speciJ.1 group membership ,Ir~ the out.:ome of theIr hJ.rd work, viglbnce, and<br \/>\ncultural supenonty.lhis bel,,::(is reinforced by ,I !lumber of myths, such .ls the myth of<br \/>\nmentocracy. Together, oppressIon ,10( prii!..\u00b7ge protect the pm&#8217;,leged group&#8217;s ace,&#8217;5S<br \/>\nto a wider unge of b .. tt;,\u00b7r-l&#8217;aying and higher,st.ltus pOSlllons as well .IS preferenuJ.I<br \/>\naccess to J.nd trC.ltment frolll our soci,Ilmstitutlons. Like opPn&#8217;ssion,l&#8217;rivik&#8217;S .. IS multi,<br \/>\ndllllension,ll and CJn only b .. understood if viewed as ,JI intersectIonal phenornenon.<br \/>\nWhen we looked .It the J)&#8217;n,lmlcs of privdege, we S,IW that it is not considered J.<br \/>\nproblem by the dominant ~roup because of the &#8216;luxury of ohli&#8217;lousness&#8217;-th.lI<br \/>\nV.&#8221;MCJ.:l &#8230;. C O~&#8217;l! &#8220;-&#8220;APSAC&#8221;_&#8217; Of 1&#8221;,7S\/!IH PKl &#8216;,LEGS 319<br \/>\nbecause they own or control most of society&#8217;s resources, its ~ociall!stitu ions, and<br \/>\npolitical power, they do not h.ln&#8217; to think about how thdr privilege negatively affects<br \/>\nsubordinate groups. Dominant group member~ tend to compare them.elves to other<br \/>\ndomin,lIlt group members an d not to members of oppressed groups. We looked at<br \/>\nthe way systems of privilege operate, and we saw how the beha&#8221;iours of following &#8216;the<br \/>\npath of least resistance; remaining silent, and &#8216;othering&#8217; subordinate groups Me used<br \/>\nto prop up these s)&#8217;Stems. We examined J. number of mech.lllisms that JlIow persons<br \/>\nwith priVilege to avoid .lny rc~ponsibiJi y for oppression J\/ld its deleterious effects. I<br \/>\npresented specific examples of privileges associated with a L1umb.:r of social groups<br \/>\nand argued that privilege has not been handled very well by sodal work to d.lte. Finally,<br \/>\n[ suggested a number of activities that confront and challeng~ rrivileg~ . In do,ing, !<br \/>\noffer an excerpt from one of my f.lyourite writers on the subject of pri~lege, Allan<br \/>\nJohnson (2006,107).<br \/>\nHavmg pri\u00b7n&#8221;ge d&#8221;&#8221;m&#8217;t me,n that someone is ~ bad person. But It does mun that<br \/>\nther~ isn&#8217;t a slngl,&#8217; member of J. dommant gmup who d&#8221;&#8221;sn&#8217; hav~ ~S ll~ S of rl l~f<br \/>\nto dul with both int~ma y ~nd externally, in ,..,btion to the world ~round th~m. It<br \/>\nwaS handed to them when they &#8220;&#8221;ere (hild,..,o with no Sen,e of &#8220;,h.t &#8220;&#8216;J S &#8220;,i!;C and<br \/>\ngood to take !lito thcm&amp;elves and &#8220;,h.t wH not, And, &amp;0 they _cccpted tI, uncritic.llly,<br \/>\nunknowingly, eve~ innocently, but acc~pl it they did. It &#8220;&#8216;.lsn&#8217;t their fault. 1hey<br \/>\nha,-e no rearon 10 kd guilty about It, bec~u!e they Jjdn&#8217;t do .nything. lIut now tI<br \/>\nis there for them to J~.l with, just .s u&#8217;s there for wom~n. p..ople of color, people<br \/>\nWIth d,s.obilit,u,lcsbians, and gay men who arw dido&#8217;t do anything to dc!;C&#8221;&#8221;e th~<br \/>\noppresslOn that SO profoundly shapes their Ike!,<br \/>\nin solidarily,<br \/>\nbob mu\/lilly<br \/>\nCritical Questions for Assignment help &#8211; Discussion<br \/>\nI. How dO&lt;&#8216;s privilege also hurt pr vileg~\u00b7d persons or group ~?<br \/>\n2. I remember obsening a situation recently in which .I m.ln h .. ld a door open<br \/>\nfor a ,&#8221;,&#8221;Oman, who re,Kted by S.1ylllg, &#8216;[ C.ln open the door mysdf, th~nk you.&#8217;<br \/>\nThe man said in a surprised tone,&#8217;1 W.1S only being polite.&#8217; Wh.l! do you make<br \/>\nof this door-op~ning ceremony? Is there more going on than the man might<br \/>\nrealize? What cultural messages .1re being conveyed about men and women?<br \/>\nDo you think the same rna&#8221; might be ,IS polit~&#8217; at home, sh.uing equally in the<br \/>\nhousework ,md childcare?<br \/>\nJ. Identify any critical incidents in your life that led to rour increased awareness of<br \/>\nprivileg&#8221; enjoyed by members of your group.<br \/>\n320 C HA LUSC&#8217;SC OnlUsslOs<br \/>\n4, Assignment help &#8211; Discuss how the &#8216;inVlsibility of pnVllege&#8217; might ru. made evident to other soci.J.l<br \/>\nworker~ or fellow students who ,w: from privileged backgrounds without<br \/>\nmaking them fcd guilty or defens,ve.<br \/>\nS. How would rou open people up to the idea of male or gender or heterosexual<br \/>\nprivilege wilhoullurning them off?<br \/>\n6. DO&#8221;&#8216;5 your agency or school have J divers&#8217;lr training program? [f not, why not?<br \/>\nIf so, does it mclude white privilege? If not, how o.n you h,\u00b7lp it to prov,de ~ safe<br \/>\nforum for the c.~ploration of the realities nd ,hallenges of while pnvdegel<br \/>\nFurther Readings<br \/>\nAnderson, ShMon A., and Valerie A. f..\u00b7llddlcton, .,ds. (2005). Explora\/IOMS m Pm&#8217;,ltge,<br \/>\nOpprr.5si(m, mId OIL&#8217;crSlly, Belmont, CA: TIlomson, Brooks\/ Cole. This book is a<br \/>\ncollection of personal stories by soci.u wol&#8221;lers, pS)&#8217;chologlsts, and counsellors<br \/>\nwho have aU confronled oppression, pre judice, and pTlvllege. One of the bIggest<br \/>\nchallenges 10 being an effective practitioner IS reCOgnizing, strugglmg Wlth,<br \/>\nand using one&#8217;s privilege in Ih &#8230; s &#8230; rvic &#8230; of opprt&#8217;ssed groups. TIm collecllon of<br \/>\nnarra tI ves is designed to hdp readers unde rst.l!ld that prl~1cge h.u m,lny fJces .l nd<br \/>\nma.nr slatuses and that individuals art&#8217; &lt;;ub) &#8230; CIIO il eithe r a.s agents of oppressIon.<br \/>\ntargds of oppr,\u00b7ssion, or both.<br \/>\nBIshop, Anne (Z002). Ilecotlllllg lin Ally: Ikflll.:mg tht Cycle of OpprC55iou, 2nd edlllon.<br \/>\nCrows Nest, NSW, Australia; Alkll and n&#8221;~n . ltus book seeks OUI th .. root, of<br \/>\nsc,:ism, racism, olnd all other forms of oppression thdt dlVldc us, It suggests ways<br \/>\n10 change, particularly through INcoming Jlli &#8230; s of oppressed peoples wh &#8230; n w &#8230; Jre<br \/>\nin the role of oppressor. It looks for ~olutlon; by e.&gt;:,lminm!o&#8217; th &#8230; process through<br \/>\nwhich we came 10 recognize ours~kes, fir~t as JX&#8217;oplc who h.IVc exp.:ncnc &#8230; d<br \/>\noppressIon, then a. m &#8230; mb &#8230; rs of prll&#8217;ikg,\u00b7d sroups.<br \/>\nHeldke, LiS.l, alld Peg O\u00b7Connor, eds. (2004 ). OJ!I&#8221;&#8216;tSSl(m, Pm&#8217;lIrg~, ,md Rt;;l&gt;\/ul1u;<br \/>\nTIl(orrtlwll&#8217;fnpcrtil&#8217;fS (lll Ran,m, 5(.&#8221;1&gt;111, .md \/-\/d(r()j(XI,m, N,\u00b7w York; r-.kGrJw,<br \/>\nHlil. TIllS anthology I. grounJ~d 111 J dislllKt tll(&#8216;oTctICal framework th,lt pn)iJes<br \/>\ncohn &#8230; nce and coheSIo n to Ihe r&#8217;:,ldings dUI tlw boo!.. compn&gt;cs by presentmg<br \/>\nthe phenom,\u00b7na of r.IClsm, sexism, hl.&#8217;lerosexism, and c!.lssism .1S mt &#8230; rlockins<br \/>\nsystems of oppreHion. Rc,;ting on this model of oppreSSIon aTC two conneClmg<br \/>\nsets of theorIes; one wncan &#8230; d with I&#8217;Til&#8217;ilegc- thc il,p ~Ide of opprt&#8217;ssion- alld<br \/>\nthe otha with ruist,IIK &#8230; &#8211; lh &#8230; respoIlS&#8217;\u00b7 to oppressIOn.<br \/>\nJohmon, AIl.m G. (2006). Pnnlrgt, POh,,.r, .md D,jfrrma, 2nd ,\u00b7ditlon. N &#8230; w York;<br \/>\nMcGraw\u00b7Hill. I haw found this book 10 be the most inform.lIl&#8221;C and ,lCccssib1c<br \/>\nof all book, ! have rc,ld tkalUljo: with pm&#8217;lkg.:. It prond &#8230; s a framework that is<br \/>\nconceptu.ll .llld theoreuc.ll on th &#8230; on &#8230; hand .lnd ground~d III the cxpl&#8217;rienc &#8230; of<br \/>\ne&#8217;erydJ)&#8217; hfe on the other. f.. tlll)&#8217; examples .lTe proVIded to enabk I:Jd,&#8217;rs to s &#8230; e ference list<\/llm;(><\/l1ii><\/ue><\/lch><\/s><\/ant'lges><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A REFLECTION FROM WITHIN (15% of Final Grade) Class 4 Students will work independently to complete \u201cA Reflection from Within\u201d to critically engage with the course readings from Week 2 that explore privilege and web of oppression. Students will engage in reflexive practice and complete the following expectation: a) Wholeheartedly and thoroughly identify privileges and\/or [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1738,2474,2482,1563,2516,2499],"tags":[2501,2518,2477,2519,2520],"class_list":["post-9892","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-help-me-with-social-psychology-assignment","category-psyc-essays","category-psyc-paper-writing-service","category-psychology-case-study-examples","category-sociology-essays","category-write-my-psychology-papers","tag-psy-papers","tag-psych-research-paper-sample","tag-psychology-assignment","tag-psychology-dissertation-writing","tag-psychology-research-paper"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9892","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9892"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9892\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9892"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9892"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/nursing\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9892"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}