{"id":101679,"date":"2025-08-06T16:18:16","date_gmt":"2025-08-06T16:18:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/essays.homeworkacetutors.com\/currency-based-money-laundering\/"},"modified":"2025-08-06T16:18:16","modified_gmt":"2025-08-06T16:18:16","slug":"currency-based-money-laundering","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/currency-based-money-laundering\/","title":{"rendered":"Currency Based Money Laundering"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Introduction<\/h1>\n

Currency exchange is the process of purchasing or selling currencies to reach the desired currency(Belgrade, 2015, p.3), like exchanging AUD to USD for travel in the United States.\u00a0\u00a0Money laundering through foreign currency exchange (FX) is a means of disguising the origin of illegal proceeds and their integration into the legal financial flows (FATF, 2010, p.8).\u00a0\u00a0FX is part of the placement stage of money laundering and help place funds into the financial system(Belgrade, 2015, p.3). This assignment analyses the methods used to layer funds into the financial system. Criminals use methods such as digital currencies, smurfing, the use of mules among other methods. An explanation into how governments, legislators, regulators and the industry are combating these methods. The case study in the assignment shows how investigations are contacted. I will explore strategies deployed internationally and how they relate to in Australia. I will make an explanation to why convicted criminals should help combat future methods of money laundering in FX.<\/p>\n

FX-based money laundering commonly affects private and public business such as clearinghouses, FX bureau, banks and\u00a0digital exchanges(FATF, 2010, p.9). The way criminals place funds are by exchanging currencies and so receiving washed money that can be\u00a0deposit\u00a0into a bank. This process also means that criminals are being provided with documents that show FX based source of funds(Belgrade, 2015, p.6). Exchanges can also be for travel checks and bullion.<\/p>\n

The Methods used<\/strong><\/h1>\n

The most used method is\u00a0smurfing\/structuring.\u00a0\u00a0Criminals will exchange large funds via several small cash transactions(Force, 2016, p.21). Smurfing is if on a regular occasion a criminal goes to an FX bureau to\u00a0exchange $4500AUD at a time, but in total they have exchanged\u00a0$100,000. A person can also target multiple exchanges to reduce the possibility of being detected as the aim is to launder as many funds as possible. Criminals can use smurfing with money mules. They hire money mules\u00a0who will launder funds for criminals resulting\u00a0an extra layer of protection from the law(FATF, 2010, p.24).\u00a0Another method used to avoid detection is by converting large amounts into different currencies(Belgrade,2015, p.8). This\u00a0with mules and smurfing, can help reduce suspicion caused by the point of exchanges reporting large amount of a single transaction occurring. Criminals use false documentation such as false ID documents to avoid detection(Belgrade, 2015, p.8).\u00a0\u00a0Exchanges can ease the use of false documentation as syndicates approach them to profit from the proceeds of crime.\u00a0Crooks will approach a business and offer to pay a beneficial spot rate in exchange to launder funds for the syndicate(FATF, 2010, p.27).<\/p>\n

Offenders can exchange fake currency notes for real currencies(FATF, 2010, p.21).\u00a0\u00a0Some currencies are easier to counterfeit or forge, criminals try to launder these bills by also exploit poorly managed exchanges. They can also exploit brokers by converting marked banknotes for unmarked notes(Belgrade, 2015, p.9).\u00a0\u00a0The reason to exchange marketed notes is to avoid having their activities tracked by authorities. Laundering these funds can reduce the pressure\u00a0they attached with having the funds tracked.<\/p>\n

Regulator and Industry Response<\/strong><\/h2>\n

2011 AUSTRAC report set to\u00a0complete three tasks: enchaining understanding, educating and regulating, and engaging the industry.<\/p>\n

AUSTRAC supports government agencies, police and industry by providing transaction reports that can aid in the protection and upending of criminals and their syndicates(AUSTRAC, 2011). AUSTRAC provides agencies with a picture to how money laundering is occurring and helps\u00a0investigators disrupt money laundering syndicates(AUSTRAC, 2011). Enhancing and understanding have led to the improvement to how we regulate the industry. Understanding\u00a0structuring, has led to\u00a0implementing KYC requirements,\u00a0suspicious transaction reporting, and\u00a0the report of transactions over $10,000 to\u00a0AUSTRAC(Commission, 2011, p.47).<\/p>\n

By educating legislators that\u00a0about 10-15 billions are\u00a0laundered every year(AUSTRAC, 2011),\u00a0legislators made the required changes to how the industries report transactions. The changes resulted in the need for\u00a0transactions of $10,000 AUD\u00a0or more to report to AUSTRC for investigate(AUSTRAC, 2011). KYC requirements under the 2017 amendment of the AML\/CTF act mean that personals\u00a0need to give documentation when making an exchange(\u201cAnti\u2011Money Laundering and Counter\u2011Terrorism Financing Amendment Act 2017,\u201d 2017). Introducing suction lists where persons of interest are on a listed to make sure that if a transaction made by them occurs(AUSTRAC, 2015b), the business pass the information onto the regulator.<\/p>\n

Regulators approach the industry by setting out\u00a0a need\u00a0to reduce ML trough these services. While there is a reporting required for transactions over $10,000. It is up to the business to distinguish if a client who exchanges funds under $9500 should have a transaction report with AUSTRAC.<\/p>\n

Case studies on AUSTRAC\u2019s website show\u00a0they discover ML activities when a suspicious report occurs. That means that potentially they are only investigating transactions over $10,000. The case studies show AUSTRAC has a focus on disrespecting syndicates that\u00a0try to launder large amount of funds.<\/p>\n

Regulators\u00a0engage with larger organisations such as banks. Yet in 2011 they were 7,000 mostly small FX businesses in Australia(AUSTRAC, 2011). In, the year ending 2011 they exchanged 8.2 billion in funds and 1.4 billion was over 10,000(AUSTRAC, 2011). With 7,000 businesses, it\u2019s difficult to consult each individual business to discover the issues\u00a0they face within the current regulations.<\/p>\n

The government can look to replace exchange business cameras with cameras that plug into a database. Should the cameras\u00a0recognise a nonpersonal,\u00a0the system should let\u00a0authorities\u00a0know. This technology is\u00a0already available and is being tested(Zeng & Kang, 2016, p.520). Regulators should have a sample repressive that they can consult with small businesses\u00a0about ML issues, and how the industry can move forward.<\/p>\n

Technologies has assisted the industry to meet compliance requirements set out by the regulator.\u00a0\u00a0Some companies use products that scan photo ID documents and can tell if the ID documents are valid. They are services that notify if the person is on sanction lists, which allows the business to pass the information to the regulators. Overall, the exchange industry is compliant, most businesses will comply requirements\u00a0to make sure they do not lose their license.<\/p>\n

Doing what I required does not mean that businesses are actively trying to stop ML activities. The lack of accountability placed on the industry means that businesses are not suffering the same reputation damage as banks when a laundering issue arises. Authorities have been fantastic at notifying the public about errors made by banks and casinos, yet\u00a0exchanges have not been under the same public figure.<\/p>\n

The industry should create a transaction monitoring standard that goes further than regulations expect what. This would include creating a centralised\u00a0database where all transactions are stored so that expert can check and sort the 7+ billion of transactions\u00a0not reported to AUSTRAC. Governments can help this indicative by offering tax\u00a0incentives for businesses to take up this inactive. Authorities can name and shame businesses that\u00a0have poor AML standards and increase the monitoring for these businesses until they reach acceptable standards. Industry groups, regulators and governments can agree with technology and program providers offer small firms in getting higher quality programs that can identify and watch ML activities.<\/p>\n

How the Legislative and Government has reacted to Digital Based Money Laundering<\/strong><\/h1>\n

The invention of decentralised currencies has attracted criminal to use this method to avoid detection as these currencies are unregulated. Criminals have been able to transfer funds around the world and withdraw funds into their bank accounts without detection by treating the transaction as investments(Rohret & Vella, 2018, p.647).\u00a0Block chains on these currencies are unknown which help criminals hide the origin of funds(Rohret & Vella, 2018, p.647). Apart from the difficultly\/ impossibility to know information regarding funds(Rohret & Vella, 2018,p.647), digital currencies\u00a0fluctuate in value and it\u2019s difficult to figure what was the original value of the exchange.<\/p>\n

Digital currencies cross borders with no notice because the funds are\u00a0a line of code which can on a hard drive or USB and transferred from one jurisdiction to another. The inability to detect the code means that criminals have a safe method of exchanging funds.<\/p>\n

Australia\u2019s Parliament passed a bill to regulate digital currencies in 2017 which comes into effect in October 2018. The bill means\u00a0they require digital exchanges compile with the same KYC and CDD as other exchange companies(\u201cAnti\u2011Money Laundering and Counter\u2011Terrorism Financing Amendment Act 2017,\u201d 2017). It also requires exchanges to provide transaction reports for funds over $10,000 bringing them in line with other industry(\u201cAnti\u2011Money Laundering and Counter\u2011Terrorism Financing Amendment Act 2017,\u201d 2017). Digital exchanges will need to\u00a0register for licenses and under that license they will\u00a0set up AML\/CTF programs(\u201cAnti\u2011Money Laundering and Counter\u2011Terrorism Financing Amendment Act 2017,\u201d 2017).<\/p>\n

By the time they passed the bill in 2017 the price of digital currencies was soaring. In October 2017 the price was of Bitcoin hit US$6,149(Higgins, 2017), compared with US$630 in October 2016((Higgins, 2017) . AUSTAC in 2010 reported that digital currencies were an area of concern. Although it took over 8 years before it created a policy. Once Bitcoin became a household name, they educated the public to how the dark web used this currency\u00a0the government reacted to protect the community.<\/p>\n

The FATF report onto AML\/CTF measures in Australia\u00a0showed \u201cthat although able to contain current ML threats, there was a lack of focus on what could happen next\u201d(A. FATF, 2015, p.41). This shows the reactiveness of legislators, governments and regulators in regulating ML. This was the case for digital based currencies. Although created in 2009 it wasn\u2019t until 2017 till parliament passed a law that to regulate digital exchanges.<\/p>\n

Governments and legislative are not experts in the areas of AML, this means they will be reactive in creating policy.\u00a0The aim is to provide regulators with the ability to attract the experts. However, these personals will never have the same thinking process as criminals.\u00a0Regulators could employee or consult criminals who have laundered funds via exchanges. These personals are experts in the field and although caught they can\u00a0consult on which areas are they would target, and should regulations change, how they would react.\u00a0These personals can\u00a0assist police on how syndicates are\u00a0laundering funds in undiscovered methods.<\/p>\n

Casinos<\/strong><\/h2>\n

In 2016 A judge ladled crown Casino a \u201cblot on the community\u201d due to the haven it is for money laundering activates(Chris Vedelago, 2016). This was due to findings that in the 10 years leading to 2012 Peter Tan Hoang aid criminal groups by laundering about\u00a0$1 billion gambling through the casino(Welch, 2014). The ABC\u2019s 7:30 report into the Peter\u00a0showed that Crown neglected to lodge transaction reports to regulators(Welch, 2014), notifying them that known criminal high roller was gambling up to $100,000. It wasn\u2019t until he withdrew funds from one of his crown signature cards was a suspicious transaction report logged\u00a0firing an investigation. In 2005\/6 the ACC conducted\u00a0Operation Gordian, which had Peter implicated in drug trafficking(Welch, 2014).<\/p>\n

Casinos and gaming centres are attractive for criminals due to the chips and the lower standards of compliance. Criminal launder funds by transferring cash into chips,\u00a0then exchanging the chips to\u00a0cash, claiming this as winnings(Force, 2016). Unlike FX based money laundering, they\u00a0are no fee for transferring funds into chips, and viscera. Due to\u00a0habits of some gamblers, casinos are notaries for being a great place to approach mules to lander funds(Chris Vedelago, 2016). They approach gambles with loan funds so that the client can continue their gambling activities(Chris Vedelago, 2016).<\/p>\n

Authorities have known of the laundering that occurs within Casinos. The implementation of\u00a0the AML\/CTF act means Casino\u2019s and gambling companies must\u00a0develop and support an AML\/CTF program (AUSTRAC, 2011).\u00a0Find and verify customer identity where the services involve AUD10,000 or more (AUSTRAC, 2011).\u00a0Requiring companies to report to the regulator regarding\u00a0suspicious transaction matters (AUSTRAC, 2011). The companies are also subject to regular license reviews to make sure they follow the law.<\/p>\n

Crown is Australia\u2019s largest gambling company, yet they behaved like the NAB and AMP in disregarding the regulator and the expectations(Williams, 2018). Neglecting to tell\u00a0regulators about $100,000 bet shows that the\u00a0regulator is unable to\u00a0monitor casinos as they should. It\u00a0took over 10 years for until he withdrew funds from one of his crown signature cards. This caused\u00a0it to log a suspicious transaction report which notified\u00a0authorities that a\u00a0known\u00a0drug trafficking was a\u00a0regular gambling.<\/p>\n

Gambling companies might be more than willing to bend the laws for high rolling clients due to the loss of revenue caused by government indicatives. Governments have been trying to reduce the amount people gamble via restricting advertisement, high taxes and\u00a0having a banned registry of personals who may not gamble (best clients)(Jackson, 2001). This loss of revenue leads to companies looking for other methods to replace this revenue and this can lead to cases where they do anything to get high rollers in.<\/p>\n

The Australian government can pass legislation that could have the\u00a0following consequences for gambling companies as a solution to enforce compliance.<\/p>\n

Loss of license, every few years gambling originations have to renew their licenses\u00a0to continue operating. If found that over an acceptable amount of the revenue raised was due to launder funds, then a company should lose their gaming license. They can punish business via the shutdown of their operation for a period.\u00a0Should\u00a0a company breach AML\/CTF standards, they should\u00a0be fined\u00a0via percentage-based revenue. These\u00a0measures should be taken together, which will force companies to think twice regarding how they behave with these clients.<\/p>\n

To ensure that they increase KYC standards, all clients should have their ID documents scanned when gambling. This would mean that no matter how little that a client gambles, regulators\u00a0can find patterns and behaviours that assist in the detection of ML activates.<\/p>\n

Authorities should be able to place personals within large gambling operations. These people will\u00a0monitor transactions, compliance and reporting from within the organisation to increase the level of compliance.<\/p>\n

Globalisation and the International community<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Globalisation has meant the increase of currency-based money laundering. An\u00a0investigative case study\u00a0shows how criminals from European-based nation, were trying to launder funds through an Australian-based FX bureau(AUSTRAC, 2011).\u00a0\u00a0This occurring shows how much of a global issue point of exchange money laundering is. The impact of globalisation means that there has been a global response to this issue.<\/p>\n

Most developed nations\u00a0have the same measures to combating ML activates. This is as the FAFT is the lead body on the regulations of ML activities. They recommend polices such as the 2006 AML act in Australia(FATF, 2010, p.34). By, creating the same standards there is less of an ability for criminals to exploit one country rule over the other(FATF, 2010, p.35). Regulators and investigators work together to take down syndicates, by sharing information regarding potential syndicates(FATF, 2010, p.39).<\/p>\n

The issue is, not all nationals work together under the FAFT recommended regulations. Developing nations\u00a0have poor systems due to underfunding and lack of education to these risks(FATF, 2010, p.35).<\/p>\n

Educating developing nations to the dangers of exchange ML is the best method to\u00a0bring them to the standard of the international community. By educating that community regarding what activates that look like ML, they can persuade personals to pressure governments and businesses to\u00a0improve the standard and regulation of exchange businesses.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Investigative approaches<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Regulators and authorities\u00a0work together\u00a0to build cases that involve\u00a0exchanges.\u00a0AUSTRAC provides online access to its transaction reports database and posting liaison officers in partner agencies to assist in investigations(AUSTRAC, 2011). The following is an example.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>\u2018\u2019Authorities dismantled a<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>multi-million-dollar syndicate following a 12-month joint agency investigation. The investigation uncovered a currency exchange business being used to launder the proceeds of crime for a European drug syndicate.<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Law enforcement officers suspected that the exchange business had laundered more than AUD2 million for the drug syndicate.<\/em><\/p>\n

The currency exchange accepted US dollars and instructed an agent, on their behalf, to deposit the cash into third-party bank accounts in structured amounts worth less than AUD10,000. Agent undertook hundreds of cash deposits, often depositing cash into the same account and on the same day, but at different bank branches. Deposits of US dollars were all in amounts worth less than AUD10,000 to avoid triggering threshold transaction reporting requirements.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Activities of the currency exchange business came to AUSTRAC\u2019s attention after it was the subject of several suspect transaction reports<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>submitted by industry. SUSTRs detailed the suspicious transactions undertaken by the operators of the currency exchange, including structuring of foreign currency exchange transactions and travellers\u2019 cheques.<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Two currencies where always exchanged: United States Dollar and Hong Kong Dollar<\/em>(AUSTRAC, 2015a)<\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n

They created ELIGO National Task Force to investigate and regulate\u00a0ML(Force, 2016). The task force comprises the Australian Crime Commission, the Australian Federal Police, AUSTRAC, key Commonwealth agencies and State and Territory law enforcement. The aim of the task force is to target areas of concerns in the exchange sector(Force, 2016).<\/p>\n

Authorities working together is an effective method to combating the issues of ML. Agencies would have greater reach, reduce the chances of doubling up on cases when they work together. By combining\u00a0the resources, authorities can\u00a0take down syndicate and improve regulations as more information is available for decision making.<\/p>\n

The investigative approach focus is to on large money laundering syndicates. It seems to be when a suspicious transaction report is logged,\u00a0investigators can close\u00a0the syndicate. In the example of Peter, it was over 10 years before a report occurred and authorities reacted. The reactiveness means plenty of ML activity might occur, however without the right resources it can take time before discovered.<\/p>\n

Focusing on large syndicates means\u00a0it removes large players\u00a0however smaller players are sneaking under the reader. The best way to reduce the ML activities is by focusing methods most used to launder funds. I believe they can use using convicted money launders to get\u00a0this information.<\/p>\n

Government initiatives<\/p>\n

The government takes its action based on what the international community has determined to be best practice. They base regulation regarding ML activities from what FATF has deemed to be the best approach(FATF, 2010, p.34). While the idea was to give regulators more powers over digital currencies and enhancing the powers and increasing the budgets to deal with ML was a positive step. The increase of the budgets of regulators was a reaction to\u00a0the budget cut measures by past budgets. This\u00a0caused an under-funded regulator to deal with the issues of ML.<\/p>\n

Governments can fund agencies with the taxes paid by exchange businesses.\u00a0If a business\u00a0profit from ML activities, the fines and penalties can include paying more taxes to greater fund these agencies to ensure that they can better monitor ML.<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

Exchange ML is a battle that will never\u00a0end as long as crime exists. When regulators and investigators shut one syndicate, others are already thinking about the next method\u00a0they will use. While business have implemented monitoring and deterrent methods, complying with regulations, this\u00a0might not be enough to stop ML activities. I believe\u00a0the best way to combat this issue is by changing from being reactive to proactive in disrupting ML in this industry. Being proactive might not stop ML. It will reduce it from the current levels, which will place pressure on the criminal community, and changing how they think about laundering their funds.<\/p>\n

References<\/h1>\n

Anti\u2011Money Laundering and Counter\u2011Terrorism Financing Amendment Act 2017, 130, Federal Register of Legislation (2017).<\/p>\n

AUSTRAC. (2011). Money laundering in Australia 2011<\/em>.\u00a0 Retrieved from http:\/\/www.austrac.gov.au\/publications\/corporate-publications-and-reports\/money-laundering-australia-2011<\/a>.<\/p>\n

AUSTRAC. (2015a). Money exchange business laundered millions for drug syndicate<\/p>\n

.\u00a0\u00a0 Retrieved from http:\/\/www.austrac.gov.au\/case-studies\/money-exchange-business-laundered-millions-drug-syndicate<\/a><\/p>\n

AUSTRAC. (2015b). Part B of an AML\/CTF program (customer due diligence procedures)<\/em>.\u00a0 Retrieved from http:\/\/www.austrac.gov.au\/part-b-amlctf-program-customer-due-diligence-procedures<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Belgrade. (2015). FOREIGN CURRENCY OPERATIONS AND MONEY LAUNDERING<\/em>.\u00a0 Retrieved from https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=2ahUKEwi8y9Wv2qzdAhXVM94KHYUGBhEQFjAAegQIAhAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apml.gov.rs%2FREPOSITORY%2F1448_exchange-business-strategic-analysis.doc&usg=AOvVaw1Tzl4E-d-ksQORLiipPxop<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Chris Vedelago, Cameron Houston. (2016). Crown Casino haven for drug traffickers, \u2018a blot on the community\u2019. The Sydney Morning Herald<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/business\/crown-casino-haven-for-drug-traffickers-a-blot-on-the-community-20160206-gmnce7.html<\/a><\/p>\n

Commission, Australian Crime. (2011). ORGANISED CRIME IN AUSTRALIA<\/em><\/p>\n

2011<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/ssaa.org.au\/assets\/news-resources\/research\/2011-11_acc-organised-crime-in-australia-2011.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

FATF. (2010). Money Laundering through Money Remittance and Currency Exchange Providers<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/fatf-report-money-laundering-through-money-remittance-and-currency-exc\/16807150ad<\/a>:<\/p>\n

FATF, APG. (2015). National AML\/CFT Policies and Coordination\u201d in Anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures \u2013 Australia, Fourth Round Mutual Evaluation Report, FATF, Paris and APG, Sydney<\/em>. Retrieved from www.fatf-gafi.org\/topics\/mutualevaluations\/documents\/mer-australia-2015.html<\/a><\/p>\n

Force, The Eligo National Task. (2016). Money laundering<\/em>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.austrac.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/eligo_ml_fact_sheet.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

Higgins, Stan. (2017). From $900 to $20,000: Bitcoin\u2019s Historic 2017 Price Run Revisited. Coinsesk<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.coindesk.com\/900-20000-bitcoins-historic-2017-price-run-revisited\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Jackson, Dr Kim. (2001). Gambling Policy and Regulation<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

.\u00a0 Retrieved from https:\/\/www.aph.gov.au\/About_Parliament\/Parliamentary_Departments\/Parliamentary_Library\/Publications_Archive\/archive\/gamblingebrief<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Rohret, David, & Vella, Michael. (2018, 2018). Crypto Currency: Expanding the Underground Cyber Economy<\/em>, Reading.<\/p>\n

Welch, Dylan. (2014). Drug trafficker and high roller Pete Tan Hoang laundered up to $1 billion through Melbourne\u2019s Crown Casino before being shot in the face<\/p>\n

. 7:30, ABC news<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Williams, Pamela. (2018). Banking royal commission: NAB, CBA, ANZ, AMP count the cost<\/p>\n

. The Australian<\/em>. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theaustralian.com.au\/news\/inquirer\/banking-royal-commission-nab-cba-anz-amp-count-the-cost\/news-story\/c407af72757049059788311d2de68406<\/a><\/p>\n

Zeng, Hui, & Kang, Xiangui. (2016). Fast Source Camera Identification Using Content Adaptive Guided Image Filter. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 61<\/em>(2), 520-526. doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13017<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introduction Currency exchange is the process of purchasing or selling currencies to reach the desired currency(Belgrade, 2015, p.3), like exchanging AUD to USD for travel in the United States.\u00a0\u00a0Money laundering through foreign currency exchange (FX) is a means of disguising the origin of illegal proceeds and their integration into the legal financial flows (FATF, 2010, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5847],"tags":[13869,13872,13882,13883,13880,13881,13870,13871],"class_list":["post-101679","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-full-dissertations","tag-best-rated-professor-essay-writing-services-online","tag-custom-written-essay-hub-for-fast-assignments","tag-help-with-writing-discussion-post-responses","tag-i-need-help-to-ace-my-homework-in-5-hours","tag-pay-someone-to-write-my-essay-in-hours","tag-phd-thesis-writing-and-editing-service-australia","tag-usa-academic-writing-help-for-college-students","tag-write-harbor-research-paper-assistance-for-graduates"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101679","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=101679"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101679\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101679"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=101679"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=101679"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}