{"id":20886,"date":"2021-03-21T23:55:30","date_gmt":"2021-03-21T23:55:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/essays.homeworkacetutors.com\/2021\/03\/parental-influence\/"},"modified":"2021-03-21T23:55:30","modified_gmt":"2021-03-21T23:55:30","slug":"parental-influence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/parental-influence\/","title":{"rendered":"Parental influence"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Identify and evaluate the influences a parent can have on their child\u2019s sport or physical activity.<\/u><\/p>\n

A child\u2019s involvement in sport or physical activity starts from a very early age and is <\/p>\n

an important factor to their development in terms of their social skills, self esteem <\/p>\n

and their level of health. Children who are physically active tend to be healthier and <\/p>\n

reduce the risk developing health issues such as obesity and more serious health <\/p>\n

issues in later life. The department of health (DOH) (2010) reports that current <\/p>\n

recommendations for physical activity for children is that all children aged between 5 <\/p>\n

and 18 years old take part in 1 hour of physical activity every day. In 2006 70% of <\/p>\n

boys and 59% girls were active for 1 hour per day. However, the level of physical <\/p>\n

activity fell in girls over the age of 15 years to 45% (DOH, 2010). In terms of social <\/p>\n

skills it can benefit a child psychologically by giving them a sense of well being and <\/p>\n

increase self esteem. Healthy behaviours that are adopted from an early age will <\/p>\n

hopefully continue throughout their adult lives. There are a range of influences that <\/p>\n

impact on a child\u2019s physical activity or sport involvement. A fundamental starting <\/p>\n

point is parents, peers and teachers. Keegan et al<\/em> (2009) states that parents play a <\/p>\n

vital role in the influence of motivating their child to play sport .<\/em> The role of the <\/p>\n

coach\/teacher focuses heavily on the instruction and assessment of the child,\u00a0 The <\/p>\n

influence from peers is through competitiveness, collaborative and social behaviours. . <\/p>\n

Role modelling has been suggested as a huge form of influence in relation to a <\/p>\n

childs participation in sport. This is where children mirror the behaviours of their <\/p>\n

parents, this is known as observational learning or modelling (Bandura, 1986). <\/p>\n

Bandura argued that there is a four step process in observational learning these are <\/p>\n

Attention, where the individual sees the behaviour being carried out. If the attention <\/p>\n

is detracted this will have a negative effect on observational learning. Memory, <\/p>\n

where the individual is able to store and recall the observed behaviour. Behaviour, <\/p>\n

where the individual must have the skill to reproduce the behaviour, and motivation, <\/p>\n

this describes the individual having the motivation to carry out the behaviour when <\/p>\n

they have the opportunity to do so. Bandura\u2019s research found that when someone <\/p>\n

witnessed certain behaviour they were more inclined to adopt that behaviour of their <\/p>\n

own for example active parents have active children (Freedson and Eveson, 1991). <\/p>\n

However Trost et al<\/em> (2003) suggested that parental role modelling may not be a <\/p>\n

sufficient influence of sport. He reported that parental support was associated with a <\/p>\n

child\u2019s involvement in physical activity both directly and indirectly through positive <\/p>\n

perceptions. Parental support includes parental enjoyment of the sport or physical <\/p>\n

activity, the parents perceived importance and the parental behaviour towards sport <\/p>\n

and physical activity. Parents cannot help their child develop skills, however parental <\/p>\n

supportive behaviours for example travel, offering lifts to practice, buying equipment, <\/p>\n

allowing practice time and observing activities (Keegan et al<\/em>, 2009) increased levels <\/p>\n

of confidence. Children whose parents exhibited positive beliefs and behaviours <\/p>\n

about their childs competency reported higher levels of competence (Babkes and <\/p>\n

Weiss, 1999). Parents who perceive their child to have ability are much more <\/p>\n

likely to provide that emotional support. A parent\u2019s level of physical activity is not <\/p>\n

directly linked with their children, however active parents are more likely to have <\/p>\n

active children through encouraging behaviour and providing them with more <\/p>\n

opportunities. <\/p>\n

In a study by Bois et al<\/em> (2005) they also found that parents can affect their childs <\/p>\n

involvement in sport and physical activity both direct and indirectly. This is through <\/p>\n

role modelling and through beliefs of their child\u2019s competence. Both fathers and <\/p>\n

mothers are influential in different ways by different processes. Mothers adopt a <\/p>\n

more indirect\u00a0 approach by giving love, praise and encouragement. Where fathers <\/p>\n

have a very different approach and are more direct by giving specific advice on how <\/p>\n

to improve their skills and saying if they performed good or bad. The more a <\/p>\n

child perceived that they were competent in an activity the more likely they were to <\/p>\n

engage in that activity (Laprinzi, 2010). Access to physical activity is an important <\/p>\n

responsibility for parents. How parents perceive our parks and playgrounds is an <\/p>\n

issue for children living in todays society and can often rely on after school activities <\/p>\n

such as football and gymnastics. <\/p>\n

Eccles theory focuses on parents shaping their child motivation through their own <\/p>\n

beliefs and values . Eccles et al<\/em> (1991) stated that parental beliefs form an important <\/p>\n

platform in socialization behaviours. Parents who expect a child to be successful in a <\/p>\n

sport will display behaviours that will influence a child\u2019s motivation to pursue this <\/p>\n

sport or activity. These behaviours are normally displayed in relation to their own <\/p>\n

beliefs and the child\u2019s beliefs are developed through the feedback in which they <\/p>\n

receive from their parents. Parental values refer to how important a particular sport <\/p>\n

or activity is to their child and the value it holds. For example how important is my <\/p>\n

child\u2019s participation in football as opposed to swimming .This would normally be <\/p>\n

based on the parent\u2019s beliefs and how they perceive their child\u2019s competency at that <\/p>\n

particular sport. More importantly children will adopt both parent\u2019s beliefs and their <\/p>\n

motivation will arise from beliefs originated by their parents. The Eccles model was <\/p>\n

originally developed to explain socialized gender differences in children\u2019s <\/p>\n

achievement and motivational behaviours \u201cit does not predict the nature of parent\u2019s <\/p>\n

involvement in sport in a competitive sport setting\u201d . <\/p>\n

Parents who stereotype gender roles influence the nature of socialization. Studies <\/p>\n

have shown that parent\u2019s perceptions of their child\u2019s competency can be greatly <\/p>\n

influenced by their child\u2019s gender. Parents who believe that boys should play sport <\/p>\n

will be encouraged to be more physically active than girls and work harder in sport <\/p>\n

(Eccles and Harold, 1991).Parents may also be seen to encourage \u2018gifted\u2019 children <\/p>\n

but de emphasise with less skilled children. However in a study by Kimmerick et al <\/p>\n

(1998) they found that neither mothers or fathers had gender differentiated <\/p>\n

perceptions of their child\u2019s competence.<\/p>\n

Important research is needed to explore the affects of parental involvement in sport, <\/p>\n

as parents are highly involved and visible in sport, they can influence their child not <\/p>\n

only positively but negatively . Although research is limited it\u2019s important that we <\/p>\n

gain a better understanding of a parent\u2019s involvement and behaviour in competitive <\/p>\n

youth sport. Low levels of pressure and less emotion and high parental satisfaction <\/p>\n

and praise have all lead to a Child\u2019s motivation and enjoyment of sport. However, <\/p>\n

over parental involvement has lead to anxiety (Fredricks and Eccles, 2004). In other <\/p>\n

research parents that are more involved in competitive youth sport has been <\/p>\n

highlighted by sports organisations. Researchers are becoming more aware of the <\/p>\n

type of behaviours that parents display in competitive youth sport and call for more <\/p>\n

research on parent\u2019s actual behaviours (Holt et al, 2008). <\/p>\n

The manner in which a child perceives or interprets a message from their parents will <\/p>\n

influence their psychosocial and affective outcomes (Eccles et al, 1991). If parents <\/p>\n

provide positive comments and re enforcement\u00a0 following an activity this promotes <\/p>\n

intrinsic motivation and has a positive affect (Babkes and Weiss, 1999). However, <\/p>\n

negative comments and lack of re enforcement produces low intrinsic motivation. <\/p>\n

Expectations and behaviours from parents are concerns which have been <\/p>\n

acknowledged by coaches and the behaviours of the coach is often seen as <\/p>\n

problematic by parents. Parents and coaches need to come to an understanding that <\/p>\n

they both have important roles to play. Parents need to acknowledge that coach will <\/p>\n

have goals and objectives and will need to critically evaluate their childs performance <\/p>\n

in addition to offering experience and expertise, parents should support this role. <\/p>\n

Cox (2010) suggested that the role of the coach and the parent should be <\/p>\n

dual rather than independent, although we are able to differentiate between the <\/p>\n

coach-athlete role and parent-athlete role. A coach displays behaviours of instruction <\/p>\n

in response to skills thus increasing intrinsic motivation and self esteem this <\/p>\n

perceives greater autonomy which relate to satisfaction and enjoyment of the sport. <\/p>\n

Whilst it is important that parents have a level of involvement in their child\u2019s sport or <\/p>\n

physical activity it should be addressed that success will depend on the quality of <\/p>\n

parental involvement. Over involved parents result in high levels of parental pressure <\/p>\n

can lead to lowered self esteem. Where parents who lack interest in the child\u2019s <\/p>\n

activity they are unlikely to provide any emotional support resulting in their child not <\/p>\n

taking part or seeking support from elsewhere for example teachers or coaches <\/p>\n

(Wuerth et al, 2002). Parental involvement lies on a continuum and somewhere in <\/p>\n

the middle would be ideal. Undoubtedly parents play a highly fundamental role in <\/p>\n

their child\u2019s sport or physical activity and can be identified through modelling, <\/p>\n

support, direct in indirect help and by providing opportunities (Cox, 2008). Parent\u2019s <\/p>\n

beliefs, values and behaviours have a huge influence on their child. How a parent <\/p>\n

perceives their child\u2019s competence or ability can influence the level of emotional <\/p>\n

support they provide thus determine how successful their child may become in sport.<\/p>\n

References<\/h3>\n

Anderson, C.B., Hughes, S.O., Fuemmeler, B.F. (2009)\u2019 Parent-Child Attitude Congruence on Type and Intensity of Physical Activity: Testing Multiple Mediators of Sedentary Behaviour in older children.\u2019 Health Psychology.<\/em>\u00a0 <\/em>American Psychological Association 2009. 28 (4) pp. 428-438<\/p>\n

Babkes, M. L., & Weiss, M. R. (1999). \u2018Parental influence on children\u2019s cognitive and affective responses to competitive soccer participation.\u2019 Pediatric<\/em> Exercise Science<\/em> 11, pp.44-62<\/p>\n

Bois, J.E., Sarrazin, P.G., Brustad, R.J., Trouilloud, D.O., Cury, F. 2005 \u2018Elementary schoolchildren\u2019s perceived competence and physical activity involvement: the influence of parents\u2019 role modelling behaviours and perceptions of their child\u2019s competence\u2019 Psychology of Sport and Exercise<\/em> 6 (2005) pp.381-397<\/p>\n

Cox, M., Schofield, G., Kolt, G.S.\u2019Responsibility for children\u2019s physical activity: Parental, child, and teacher perspectives\u2019 Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 13<\/em> (2010)\u00a0 pp. 46-52<\/p>\n

Department of health (DOH) http:\/\/www.dh.gov.uk\/en\/Publichealth\/Healthimprovement\/PhysicalActivity\/index.htm<\/p>\n

[accessed 22nd March 2010]<\/p>\n

Eccles, J. S., & Harold, R. D. (1991) \u2018Gender differences in sport involvement: Applying the Eccles expectancy-value model\u2019.Journal<\/em> of Applied Sport Psychology<\/em>, 3 pp. 7-35.<\/p>\n

Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2005). \u2018Family socialization, gender, and sport motivation and involvement.\u2019 Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology<\/em>. 27 pp. 3-31<\/p>\n

Freedson, P. S., & Evenson, S. (1991). \u2018Familial aggregation in physical activity. \u2018Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport<\/em>, 62 pp. 384-389<\/p>\n

Holt, N.L., Tamminena, K.A., Blacka, D.E., Sehna. Z.L., Wallb, M.P.<\/p>\n

\u2018Parental involvement in competitive youth sport settings\u2019 Psychology of Sport and Exercise 9<\/em> (2008) pp.663-685<\/p>\n

Keegan, R.J., Harwood, C.G., Spray, C.M., Lavallee, D.E. 2009 \u2018A qualitative investigation exploring the motivational climate in early career<\/p>\n

sports participants: Coach, parent and peer influences on sport motivation\u2019<\/p>\n

Psychology of Sport and Exercise<\/em> 10 (2009) pp. 361-372<\/p>\n

Loprinzi, P.D., Trost, S.G.\u2019Parental influences on physical activity behaviour in preschool children\u2019 Preventive Medicine 50 (2010) pp.129-133<\/p>\n

Trost, S.G., Sallis. J.F., Pate, R.R, Freedson, P.S., Taylor, W.C., Dowda,M.\u2019 Evaluating a Model of Parental Influence on Youth Physical Activity\u2019 Am J <\/em>Prev<\/em> Med<\/em> (2003)<\/p>\n

Wuerth, S., Lee, M.J., Alfermann. D.\u2019Parental Involvement and athletes\u2019 career in youth sport\u2019 Psychology of Sport and Exercise 5<\/em> (2004). Pp. 21-33<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Identify and evaluate the influences a parent can have on their child\u2019s sport or physical activity. A child\u2019s involvement in sport or physical activity starts from a very early age and is an important factor to their development in terms of their social skills, self esteem and their level of health. Children who are physically […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6769,5789],"tags":[5681,5675,5659,5656,5658,5660,5848,5663,5657],"class_list":["post-20886","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-assignment-help-with-my-homework-sports","category-sports","tag-ace-my-homework","tag-construct-a-5-to-6-page-paper","tag-create-a-4-6-page","tag-discussion-assignment","tag-for-this-assignment-you-will-write-a-paper","tag-help-write-a-word-paper","tag-homework-answers","tag-online-homework-help-do-my-online-class-assignment","tag-presentation-assignment"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20886","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20886"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20886\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20886"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20886"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20886"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}