{"id":34670,"date":"2021-10-31T22:15:13","date_gmt":"2021-10-31T22:15:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/essays.homeworkacetutors.com\/2021\/10\/bulk-and-nanomaterials-synthesis-experiment\/"},"modified":"2021-10-31T22:15:13","modified_gmt":"2021-10-31T22:15:13","slug":"bulk-and-nanomaterials-synthesis-experiment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/bulk-and-nanomaterials-synthesis-experiment\/","title":{"rendered":"Bulk and Nanomaterials Synthesis Experiment"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Introduction<\/h2>\n

In recent years, bulk and nano materials in several areas of pure and applied sciences have captivated a great interest amongst the researchers. Because of their fascinating and tremendous properties with great potential in many applications such as solid state lasers, lamp industry, colour displays, etc (Senthil et al, 2001; Tamrakar et al, 2013\u201ca\u201d; Tamrakar et al, 2013\u201cb\u201d; Tamrakar et al, 2014\u201ca\u201d; Tamrakar et al, 2014\u201cb\u201d) these bulk and nano materials having great interests of research.<\/p>\n

Experimental Section<\/h2>\n

2.1. Materials and Synthesis<\/h3>\n

Samarium oxide (Sm2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>) and samarium nitrate (Sm(NO3<\/sub>)3<\/sub>.6H2<\/sub>O) were used as the rare earth sources of K3<\/sub>Gd(PO4<\/sub>)2<\/sub>:Sm3+<\/sup> in the following synthesis methods. Urea (NH2<\/sub>CONH2<\/sub>) and citric acid monohydrate (C6<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O7<\/sub>.H2<\/sub>O) were used as fuels in combustion and citrate gel combustion methods. The raw materials in carbonate form were used in solid state method whereas in case of combustion and citrate gel method it could be used in nitrate form.<\/p>\n

2.1.1. Synthesis of undoped K<\/em>3<\/sub><\/em>Gd(PO<\/em>4<\/sub><\/em>)<\/em>2<\/sub><\/em> and Sm<\/em>3+<\/sup><\/em> doped K<\/em>3<\/sub><\/em>Gd(PO<\/em>4<\/sub><\/em>)<\/em>2<\/sub><\/em> by solid state method<\/em><\/h4>\n

The raw materials potassium carbonate (K2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>), gadolinium oxide (Gd2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>), ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (NH4<\/sub>H2<\/sub>PO4<\/sub>) and samarium oxide (Sm2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>) of high purity were mixed and grounded together with the smallest possible amount of ethanol in an agate mortar for an hour to obtain a homogeneous mixture. The stoichometric amount of starting materials was weighed according to the balanced chemical reactions for the undoped K3<\/sub>Gd(PO4<\/sub>)2<\/sub> (equation (1)) and Sm3+<\/sup> doped K3<\/sub>Gd(PO4<\/sub>)2<\/sub> (equation (2)) and are given as follows:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The mixed powder was transferred to the alumina crucible and placed into the muffle furnace at 850 \u00b0C for 7 hours. The prepared phosphors were cooled to room temperature and grounded to obtain fine powder.<\/p>\n

2.1.2. Synthesis of undoped K<\/em>3<\/sub><\/em>Gd(PO<\/em>4<\/sub><\/em>)<\/em>2<\/sub><\/em> and Sm<\/em>3+<\/sup><\/em> doped K<\/em>3<\/sub><\/em>Gd(PO<\/em>4<\/sub><\/em>)<\/em>2<\/sub><\/em> by combustion method with urea (NH<\/em>2<\/sub><\/em>CONH<\/em>2<\/sub><\/em>)<\/em><\/h4>\n

Urea (NH2<\/sub>CONH2<\/sub>) as a fuel used for the preparation of the undoped K3<\/sub>Gd(PO4<\/sub>)2<\/sub> and Sm3+<\/sup> doped K3<\/sub>Gd(PO4<\/sub>)2<\/sub> by combustion method. The reagents used were potassium nitrate (KNO3<\/sub>), gadolinium oxide (Gd2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>), ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (NH4<\/sub>H2<\/sub> PO4<\/sub>), urea (NH2<\/sub>CONH2<\/sub>) and samarium nitrate (Sm(NO3<\/sub>)3<\/sub>.6H2<\/sub>O) of high purity. The materials were weighed according to the balanced chemical reactions (equations (3 & 4)) given below:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The stoichometric ratio of reagents was kept at unity, so that the heat liberated during combustion be maximized for complete combustion. The weighed reagents were dissolved in a small amount of distilled water and thoroughly mixed in an agate mortar to obtain a paste. The obtained paste was transferred to the alumina crucible and inserted into the pre-heated muffle furnace sustained at 600\"\". The combustion process occurs with the evolution of the large amount of gasses. The whole reaction takes 3-5 minutes to complete. The final white foamy product was cooled to room temperature and ground to obtain fine powder. The fine powder then further annealed at 850\"\" for 3 h to get complete crystallanity.<\/p>\n

2.1.3. Synthesis of undoped K<\/em>3<\/sub><\/em>Gd(PO<\/em>4<\/sub><\/em>)<\/em>2<\/sub><\/em> and Sm<\/em>3+<\/sup><\/em> doped K<\/em>3<\/sub><\/em>Gd(PO<\/em>4<\/sub><\/em>)<\/em>2<\/sub><\/em> by citrate-gel combustion method with citric acid (C<\/em>6<\/sub><\/em>H<\/em>8<\/sub><\/em>O<\/em>7<\/sub><\/em>.H<\/em>2<\/sub><\/em>O)<\/em><\/h4>\n

Potassium nitrate (KNO3<\/sub>), gadolinium oxide (Gd2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>), ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (NH4<\/sub>H2<\/sub> PO4<\/sub>), samarium nitrate (Sm (NO3<\/sub>)3<\/sub>.6H2<\/sub>O), citric acid monohydrate (C6<\/sub>H8<\/sub>O7<\/sub>.H2<\/sub>O) of high purity was used as the starting materials for the preparation of the undoped K3<\/sub>Gd(PO4<\/sub>)2<\/sub> and Sm3+<\/sup> doped K3<\/sub>Gd(PO4<\/sub>)2<\/sub>. The citrate gel was prepared according to the following chemical reactions:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The reactants in stoichometric amounts were weighed according to equations (5 & 6) and dissolved together in 10 ml distilled water. The mixed solution was heated to 85\u00b0C on a hot plate with continuous stirring for 2 hours to obtain a viscous gel. The obtained gel was placed into the pre-heated muffle furnace maintained at 600\"\". After several minutes, the gel boiled followed by evolution of huge amounts of gases. Eventually, spontaneous ignition occurred and the gel underwent combustion. The whole process ended within a few minutes. The final products were cooled to room temperature and grounded to obtain fine powder. The fine powder, then further annealed at 850\"\" for 3 h to ensure that all the unwanted impurities were evaporated and only the higher temperature pure monoclinic phase of K3<\/sub>Gd(PO4<\/sub>)2<\/sub> remains as the final product.<\/p>\n

2.2. Characterization<\/h3>\n

The X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the synthesized powders were recorded by using Philips X\u2019pert MPD system with Cu K\u03b1 radiation (1.5406 \u00c5) operated at 40 kV and 30 mA. The 2\u03b8 was varied in the range of 10\u00b0<\/sup> \u2264 2\u03b8 \u2264 60\u00b0 with step size of 0.01\u00b0 (2\u03b8) and count time of 18s \/step. The lattice parameters were calculated using unit cell program [ \u2026]. The diffuse reflectance spectra were recorded using a Shimadzu UV-VIS-2600 double beam spectrophotometer coupled with an ISR (integrating sphere assembly). The photoluminescence (PL) (excitation and emission spectra) and the lifetime measurements of the synthesized phosphors were recorded using a Cary-Eclipse Spectrofluorometer equipped with a 150W Xenon lamp as an excitation source with slit width 5 nm and 2.5 nm for excitation and emission monochromator. All the measurements were performed at room temperature.<\/p>\n

3. Results and discussion<\/h2>\n

3.1. Phase formation<\/h3>\n

The powder XRD patterns of the Sm3+<\/sup> doped K3<\/sub>Gd(PO4<\/sub>)2<\/sub> samples synthesized by solid state, combustion and citrate gel combustion methods were measured. The patterns are shown in figure 1 and compared with that of the JCPDS card 049-1085 (K3Gd(PO4)2). The XRD patterns<\/p>\n

of Sm3+ doped K3Gd(PO4)2 phosphor indicates a pure phase of the standard K3Gd(PO4)2 and all the peaks were in good agreement which belongs to the monoclinic phase with space group P21\/m<\/sub> [20]. Also the XRD shows that the formed materials are in crystalline and homogeneous forms.<\/p>\n

\"\"The particle size of the prepared samples have been calculated from the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the intense peaks using Debye Scherer formula.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Here, D is particle size, k is the Scherrer\u2019s constant (0.89), \u03b2 is FWHM (full width half maximum), \u03bb = 1.54 A\u00b0 is the wavelength of X-ray source (Cu (K\u03b1) radiation), \u03b8 is Bragg angle of the X-ray diffraction peak.<\/p>\n

The average particle size of the Sm3+<\/sup> doped K3<\/sub>Gd(PO4<\/sub>)2<\/sub> phosphor prepared by solid state method was found approximately 39 nm, while those prepared by combustion and citrate gel methods were found to be 23 nm and 27 nm. The decrease in the particle size is due to increase in the FWHM of the XRD peaks for the phosphor synthesized by combustion method and citrate gel combustion method. The variation of particle size with FWHM is also tabulated in table {}.<\/p>\n

References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Senthil, K., Mangalarj, D., Narayandass, S.K. \u201cStructural and optical properties of CdS thin film\u201d, Applied Surface Science, 169-170, pp 476-479 (2001)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Tamrakar R. K. \u201d UV-Irradiated thermoluminescence studies of bulk CdS with trap parameter, Research on chemical intermediates, (2013 \u201ca\u201d) DOI10.1007\/s11164-013-1166-4.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Tamrakar R. K. and Bisen D. P., Optical and kinetic studies of CdS:Cu nanoparticles Res Chem Intermed (2013 \u201cb\u201d) 39:3043\u20133048.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Tamrakar R. K., Bisen D. P., Robinson C. S., Sahu I. P., and Brahme N., Ytterbium Doped Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3:Yb3+) Phosphor: Topology, Morphology, and Luminescence Behaviour in Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Indian Journal of Materials Science Volume (2014 \u201ca\u201d), Article ID 396147, 7.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Tamrakar R. K., Bisen D. P., Upadhyay K. and Bramhe N., Effect of Fuel on Structural and Optical Characterization of Gd2O3:Er3+ Phosphor, Journal of Luminescence and Applications (2014\u2033b\u201d) Vol. 1 No. 1 pp. 23-29.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introduction In recent years, bulk and nano materials in several areas of pure and applied sciences have captivated a great interest amongst the researchers. Because of their fascinating and tremendous properties with great potential in many applications such as solid state lasers, lamp industry, colour displays, etc (Senthil et al, 2001; Tamrakar et al, 2013\u201ca\u201d; […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6710,5781],"tags":[7073,5681,7075,7076,7074,7077],"class_list":["post-34670","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-essay-help-sciences","category-sciences","tag-academic-writing-services","tag-ace-my-homework","tag-essay-and-assignment-help","tag-harvard-referencing-support","tag-homework-assistance","tag-study-resource-creation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34670","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34670"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34670\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34670"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34670"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34670"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}