{"id":45684,"date":"2021-12-30T13:42:01","date_gmt":"2021-12-30T13:42:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/essays.homeworkacetutors.com\/2021\/12\/postnatal-depression-in-fathers\/"},"modified":"2021-12-30T13:42:01","modified_gmt":"2021-12-30T13:42:01","slug":"postnatal-depression-in-fathers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/postnatal-depression-in-fathers\/","title":{"rendered":"Postnatal Depression in Fathers"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

CHAPTER 1 LO1<\/h3>\n

1.1 Research specification Outline<\/h2>\n

Introduction<\/h3>\n

This project will explain postnatal depression in fathers highlighting some of the causes and symptoms that
\ncan lead to Post-Natal Depression (PND) including the effect on dads and relationships. The (NCT.2017) defines
\nthat an estimated 10% of new mums suffer
\nfrom PND and it is now also recognised that dads
\ncan experience PND, sometimes called Paternal depression, and either
\nparent is likely to be affected by concerns about the other. <\/p>\n

Aim: <\/h3>\n

This project goal is to find out how does postnatal depression<\/a> affect fathers and what methods is used to ensure a person-centred approach when it comes to caring for a client with postnatal depression.<\/p>\n

Objectives are:<\/h4>\n
    \n
  1. What are the Common symptoms?<\/li>\n
  2. How does postnatal depression affect fathers and relationships?<\/li>\n
  3. Treatment for Paternal postnatal depression<\/a> (Recommendations).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Rationale:<\/h4>\n

    The reason
    \nfor choosing postnatal depression in fathers is because
    \npostnatal depression in dad has been overlooked
    \nby many practitioners and could have an impact on relationships
    \nbreak-down in families\u2019 relationship. Also, as mum can have the baby blue after pregnancy and noticing that many changes come
    \nwith having a baby like physically, emotionally, mentally and social changes. Depression in dad can affect relationships after the
    \nbirth of the baby. Also as a practitioner working with babies and children
    \nfrom 0-5 and their parent and often wonder about the effect postnatal depression can have on mums and dads. Most of the
    \ntime care professional in health care setting seem
    \nto show a lot more interests when it comes to mum
    \nand baby, but not so much the into the fathers.<\/p>\n

    Methods \u2013<\/strong> the use of secondary research with existing evidence in the literature on PND.\u00a0 I will search Medline, PubMed, Google scholar for articles in English that would fit my topic and objectives.<\/p>\n

    Data Analysis \u2013<\/strong> I will analyse information about post natal depression from different articles. This will be presented in a tabular format to show similarities and differences between research works.<\/p>\n

    Plan <\/strong>\u2013 To complete this within 6 months<\/p>\n

    Budget <\/strong>\u2013 No financial requirement for this
    \nproject as all information. <\/p>\n

    Identify the factors that contribute to the process of research project<\/h3>\n

    Limitations: <\/h3>\n

    First of all, it was really hard to
    \nchoose the subject of my research project as it was first time I was doing it.
    \nI wanted to choose something interesting and new. I was willing to use a
    \nprimary research project method but unfortunately because of my main aim of
    \nresearch project I could i thought i could do it. To prepare a questionnaire
    \nand find appropriate people for the research will be difficult. I would need
    \nmore than three years to analyse postnatal depression and how it affected the father
    \nand relationship. Also, it is hard to analyse relationships and I would need
    \nspecialists to work with them which would be too expensive and limits me
    \nfinancially. As a result of these limitations at this stage, I prefer secondary
    \nresearch method. However, it also requires some money as I will need to visit
    \nlibraries and rent journals. For this method, I will need to analyse papers
    \nwhich are already published. Another reason why I chose this method for the
    \nsubject is statistics. Since the figures already exist, I will not need to do
    \nany sophisticated analysis.<\/p>\n

    Ethical consideration<\/h3>\n

    I do not need ethical permission for this
    \nresearch since i have already publised papers. I need to maintain Confidentiality and respect for cultural
    \ndifferences in any case study I quote from. \u00a0In need to follow policies and procedures. (Duijnhoven,
    \n2008).<\/p>\n

    Other Limitations<\/h3>\n

    There
    \nmay be significant methodological limitations
    \nof existing studies, including small sample sizes; the use of cross-sectional
    \nprojects; different measures of
    \ndepression; focus on depression in the postpartum only; and in the few research
    \nstudies, the addition of only one valuation point. The confines of the current
    \nsystematic review include the inclusion of only papers written in English and
    \nlikely publication bias, where studies with null findings are less likely to be
    \npublished (Johansson, 2016)<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Full research specification<\/h2>\n

    Title: Postnatal Depression in fathers. <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Aim: <\/h3>\n

    This project goal is to find
    \nout how do postnatal depression affect fathers and methods is used to ensure a person-centred approach when it comes to caring for a client with postnatal depression.<\/p>\n

    Objectives are:<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. What are the Common symptoms?<\/li>\n
    2. How does postnatal depression affect fathers and relationships?<\/li>\n
    3. Treatment for Paternal postnatal depression (Recommendations).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Rationale:<\/h3>\n

      The reason for choosing postnatal depression in fathers is because postnatal depression in dad has been overlooked by many practitioners and could have an impact on relationships break-down in families\u2019 relationship. Also, as mum can have the baby blue after pregnancy and noticing that many changes come with having a baby like physically, emotionally, mentally and social changes. Depression in dad can affect relationships after the birth of the baby. Also as a practitioner working with babies and children from 0-5 and their parent and often wonder about the effect postnatal depression can have on mums and dads. Most of the time care professional in health care setting seem to show a lot more interests when it comes to mum and baby, but not so much the into the fathers.<\/p>\n

      Symptoms of depression found in 6.3% of the fathers and 12.0% of the mothers and the point prevalence of major
      \ndepression in fathers were 1.3%. The
      \nstrongest correlates of depressive symptoms in fathers were problems in the
      \npartner relationship, a low educational level, previous depression, stressful
      \nlife events and low partner support (Johansson et al. 2016).<\/p>\n

      Literature review<\/h3>\n

      In this study, systematic research reviews were carried out by
      \nsearched available publications on electronic databases. The review includes
      \nqualitative or quantitative methods to investigate postnatal depression in
      \nfathers. According to Thomas (2016)<\/a>, Postnatal depression (PND) refers to the onset
      \nof depression after the birth of a child in the family. It may occur after the
      \nfirst or subsequent births. However postnatal depression takes place in 1.25-25 percent of fathers, and
      \nit can contribute to poor outcomes in fathering and in the child\u2019s health.<\/p>\n

      However postnatal depression can also affect man from the birth of the baby associated with the increased independent risk of adverse in the outcome of the child.
      \nFather with depression scored higher of a father of no depression fathers
      \n(Edmoridson et al.,2010). Also, fathers increasingly involved in infant also
      \ndepression in postnatal father hurt the
      \nchild development and behaviour. All high
      \nscoring father and a random sample of fathers scoring low were invited for a
      \ndiagnostic interview to assess the presence of any depression or anxiety disorder
      \nHwang, (Massouoli and Wickbery, 2013)<\/p>\n

      However, the most common correctable of paternal depressive symptoms
      \npre-and post-birth was having a partner with elevated depressive symptoms of
      \ndepression poor relationship satisfaction was also frequently associated with
      \nelevated depression symptoms of depression in men (Milgrom et al., 2011).<\/p>\n

      \u00a0The substantial heterogeneity
      \nobserved among rates of paternal depression, with a meta-estimate of
      \n10.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.5%-12.7%). Higher rates of depression reported during the 3- to the 6-month postpartum period (25.6%; 95% CI,
      \n17.3%-36.1%). The correlation between paternal and maternal depression was
      \npositive and moderate in size (r<\/em>\u00a0=\u00a00.308;
      \n95% CI, 0.228-0.384). No evidence of significant publication bias was detected
      \n(Paulson. et al. 2010).<\/p>\n

      The death of Child L in
      \n2012 at Hull Royal Infirmary provides
      \na background upon which the issue of maternal depression and its effect on
      \nchild development should be studied. According to Cantrill (2013), Child L was
      \nonly five weeks old upon death and the post-mortem revealed that death had
      \noccurred as a result of a severe fracture of the skull. Nevertheless, the
      \npolice considered the death of Child L to be suspicious and arrested the mother
      \n(Adult N) on suspicion of murder. As the investigation and court proceeding
      \nprogressed, Adult N accepted the charge of infanticide caused by maternal
      \ndepression. Later investigations revealed that Child L\u2019s mother had previously
      \nreported to her GP that she was undergoing stress and could barely manage her
      \nduties as a mother. Under the circumstances, the GP had diagnosed her condition
      \nto be depression (Beck, 2013). Unfortunately, the GP did not escalate the
      \nissue, and Child L died in the hands of her mother. Therefore, maternal
      \ndepression was to blame for the death of Child L. <\/p>\n

      Mother \u2013 child relationship and emotional development<\/em><\/h4>\n

      The
      \nrelationship an infant has with its mother has a support on intellectual and
      \npersonality development of the child (Cogill et al. 1986). Psychiatric
      \ndisturbances in the parent can thus contribute to how children begin to develop
      \nbehavioral disorders. When women experience childbirth, they face the highest
      \nlikelihood of going through psychiatric disturbances; in the home is the
      \npossibility of marital discord, other children in the house, and even social
      \ndisadvantage. <\/p>\n

      Women who are depressed and concurrently have infants to care for are
      \nlikely to be immobilised and unable to conduct their duties as mothers (Cogill
      \net al. 1986). Mothers provide very critical influences that are essential for a
      \nchild\u2019s development, e.g. conversation and play, but these may be severely
      \nlacking in situations of maternal depression. In essence, maternal depression
      \ncan have a significant effect on the interactions mothers have with their
      \nchildren. This can affect child\u2019s development (Cogill et al. 1986).<\/p>\n

      According to Murray and Cooper
      \n(1997), three aspects of infant development have been examined in relation to
      \npostnatal depression in their mothers. Firstly, the quality of communication
      \nbetween an infant and its mother has been the subject of study. In mothers with
      \npostnatal depression, it has been found that their children are less sociable,
      \nhad reduced levels of interactive behaviours, as well as low levels of
      \naffective sharing compared to children of mothers without prenatal depression.
      \nSecondly, infant attachment has been measured using the Ainsworth strange
      \nsituation procedure (Murray and Cooper 1997). Through this method, insecure infant
      \nattachment has been evidenced among infants of mothers with prenatal
      \ndepression. Thirdly, behavioural problems have been reported among mothers with
      \nprenatal depression; they include temper tantrums, difficulty eating and
      \nsleeping, and difficulties with separation. Thus, the emotional development of
      \nchildren of mothers with prenatal depression has been found to be poor. The
      \nfact that maternal depression may predict depressive disorder among infants has
      \nprompted studies to understand the biological mechanisms causing one generation
      \nto affect another. Such studies have targeted the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, what is known to play a
      \nrole in how human responds to stress, especially depression (Barry et al.
      \n2015). Since the HPA axis regulates the
      \nconcentration of basal cortisol (hormone), such levels may rise when there is
      \ndepression in both adults and children. Not surprisingly, a twenty-two-yearlong
      \nstudy among participants raised by mothers suffering from postnatal depression
      \nfound that cortisol reactivity to be higher in the group undergoing the test
      \nthan in the control group. In essence, exposure to maternal depression at an
      \nearly age can lead to a higher likelihood of more biological sensitivity
      \nresulting from social stress during adult years (Barry et al. 2015). The death of Child L in 2012 at Hull
      \nRoyal Infirmary provides a background
      \nupon which the issue of maternal depression and its effect on child development
      \nshould be studied. According to Cantrill (2013), Child L was only five weeks
      \nold upon death and the post-mortem revealed that death had occurred as a result
      \nof a severe fracture of the skull. Nevertheless, the police considered the
      \ndeath of Child L to be suspicious and arrested the mother (Adult N) on
      \nsuspicion of murder. As the investigation and court proceeding progressed,
      \nAdult N accepted the charge of infanticide caused by maternal depression. Later
      \ninvestigations revealed that Child L\u2019s mother had previously reported to her GP
      \nthat she was undergoing stress and could barely manage her duties as a mother.
      \nUnder the circumstances, the GP had diagnosed her condition to be depression
      \n(Beck, 2013). Unfortunately, the GP did not escalate the issue, and Child L
      \ndied in the hands of her mother. Therefore, maternal depression was to blame
      \nfor the death of Child L. <\/p>\n

      Mother \u2013 child relationship and emotional development<\/em><\/h4>\n

      The
      \nrelationship an infant has with its mother has a support on intellectual and
      \npersonality development of the child (Cogill et al. 1986). Psychiatric
      \ndisturbances in the parent can thus contribute to how children begin to develop
      \nbehavioural disorders. When women experience childbirth, they face the highest
      \nlikelihood of going through psychiatric disturbances; in the home is the
      \npossibility of marital discord, other children in the house, and even social
      \ndisadvantage. <\/p>\n

      Women who are depressed and concurrently have infants to care for are
      \nlikely to be immobilised and unable to conduct their duties as mothers (Cogill
      \net al. 1986). Mothers provide very critical influences that are essential for a
      \nchild\u2019s development, e.g. conversation and play, but these may be severely
      \nlacking in situations of maternal depression. In essence, maternal depression
      \ncan have a significant effect on the interactions mothers have with their children.
      \nThis can affect child\u2019s development (Cogill et al. 1986).<\/p>\n

      According to Murray and Cooper
      \n(1997), three aspects of infant development have been examined in relation to
      \npostnatal depression in their mothers. Firstly, the quality of communication
      \nbetween an infant and its mother has been the subject of study. In mothers with
      \npostnatal depression, it has been found that their children are less sociable,
      \nhad reduced levels of interactive behaviour, as well as low levels of affective
      \nsharing compared to children of mothers without prenatal depression. Secondly,
      \ninfant attachment has been measured using the Ainsworth strange situation
      \nprocedure (Murray and Cooper 1997). Through this method, insecure infant
      \nattachment has been evidenced among infants of mothers with prenatal
      \ndepression. Thirdly, behavioural problems have been reported among mothers with
      \nprenatal depression; they include temper tantrums, difficulty eating and
      \nsleeping, and difficulties with separation. Thus, the emotional development of
      \nchildren of mothers with prenatal depression has been found to be poor.<\/p>\n

      The fact that maternal depression may predict depressive disorder among
      \ninfants has prompted studies to understand the biological mechanisms causing
      \none generation to affect another. Such studies have targeted the hypothalamic
      \npituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, what is known to play a role in how human
      \nresponds to stress, especially depression (Barry et al. 2015). Since the HPA axis regulates the concentration of
      \nbasal cortisol (hormone), such levels may rise when there is depression in both
      \nadults and children. Not surprisingly, a twenty-two-yearlong study among
      \nparticipants raised by mothers suffering from postnatal depression found that
      \ncortisol reactivity to be higher in the group undergoing the test than in the
      \ncontrol group. In essence, exposure to maternal depression at an early age can
      \nlead to a higher likelihood of more biological sensitivity resulting from
      \nsocial stress during adult years (Barry et al. 2015<\/p>\n

      Methodology for data collection<\/h3>\n

      There are a number of methods that are
      \nused in qualitative research for data collection. They include being an active
      \nparticipant in the research setting, being and observer, conducting interviews,
      \nor collecting and analyzing articles on the subject under study (Marshal &
      \nRossman 2006). This study has elected to do the latter; collect and analyse
      \nsecondary data through a narrative review of the literature <\/p>\n

      Secondary data collection through
      \nreview of literature<\/em><\/h4>\n

      According to Andrews, Higgins, Andrews and Lalor (2012), secondary data is data which is already in existence. This makes the job of a secondary analyst simpler because participants do not have to be recruited and the researcher does not have to be involved in the collection of data. In effect, analysing secondary data is a method which uses data already in existence either in quantitative or qualitative form to verify previous research or examine new research questions. It may not be necessary that secondary data is used for its previous purpose. Rather, it may be utilised for another purpose.<\/p>\n

      Secondary data collection can be used to aggregate a number of studies so that key issues can be understood and to use the results to arrive at new ways of conceptualizing the issue under study (Andrews et al. 2012). Through a literature review, therefore, new research questions can be applied. In addition, existing research can be refined, refuted, and verified. Significantly, the same data obtained from the literature review can be used to analyse an issue from a different viewpoint.<\/p>\n

      An important reason for selecting the secondary data collection method is the fact that a sample which is difficult to reach or an issue which is sensitive is better analysed through secondary data analysis (Andrew et al. 2012). In addition, this method is beneficial because original research may be easier to verify thus controlling for quality, and enhancing trustworthiness, transparency, and credibility of the original research results. <\/p>\n

      Most of all, collecting secondary data saves time and resources that are usually needed in primary data collection methods (Andrew et al. 2012). For example, primary data collection may involve the use of a devise for recording, transport, as well as costs associated with transcription. Most importantly for this study, analysing secondary data enables beginners\u2019 researchers to learn and be taught. In fact, learners can experiment through experiential learning, thus protecting live participants while engaged in the learning (Andrew et al. 2012).<\/p>\n

      Data analysis \u2013 Synthesising and analysing the data <\/h3>\n

      According to Cronin, Ryan & Coughlan (2008), it
      \nis a requirement for nurses to conduct a literature review sometime in their
      \ncareer, either in school or in a research process, or when involved policy and
      \ndevelopment of clinical practice. Conducting a literature review means that the
      \nsubject must be searched and retrieved, and the resulting data should be
      \nsynthesised and analysed in a short period of time. The latter is one reason
      \nthat a review of the literature has been preferred in this study. Accordingly,
      \ndata analysis will be conducted in the following manner.<\/p>\n