{"id":45912,"date":"2020-04-26T19:01:41","date_gmt":"2020-04-26T19:01:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/essays.homeworkacetutors.com\/2020\/04\/reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-at-a-local-level\/"},"modified":"2020-04-26T19:01:41","modified_gmt":"2020-04-26T19:01:41","slug":"reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-at-a-local-level","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-at-a-local-level\/","title":{"rendered":"Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions at a Local Level"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

(Nottinghamshire Greenhouse
\nGas Emission\u2019s Case) <\/strong><\/p>\n

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY<\/h2>\n

The role played by
\nNottinghamshire in sustainable development is evident based on the laurels it
\nis getting from different organizations like the Queens Award and European
\nUnion through her Remourban pilot project.
\nNotwithstanding, there is need to continually review city performance against
\nthis available baseline information on greenhouses emissions and general environmental
\nmanagement. From the baseline
\ninformation, the highest sources of greenhouse gases emission in the county to
\nforcing climate change emissions arises from buildings, transportation, street
\nlighting and waste. This affects air quality due to the mix of carbon dioxide.
\nThese missions have severe consequences on the natural environment, human
\nhealth and pose a significant threat to
\nfuture species within the local counties and the nation in general. Future
\nemission scenarios are drawn up in the report to help the hypothesis of present
\nstrategies to be taken to ensure that emissions are reduced to the barest minimum. In addition, pragmatic targets for
\nemission reduction by 80% by 2050, 60% by the midterm (2030) and 40% at the
\ninterim are set with the aim of keeping emission as low as possible other than
\na business as usual approach activities in the county are contained in this
\nreport. In the light of this, the Nottinghamshire authority, local industries and
\nacademic institutions can provide a niche
\nstakeholder forum for synergy in creating a culture that promotes
\nsustainability. Green and mitigation approaches through collaboration,
\nmonitoring, and enforcement, low carbon installation and switching to
\nsustainable urban transport, a collection
\nof waste for a more efficient recycling, alternative energy generation from
\nwind, solar and geothermal; are possible sustainability practices. Nottinghamshire
\ncan help in sustaining these approaches through policy effective communication
\nstrategies through group meetings, organizing conferences and workshops, online
\nwebinars, social media, use of the mainstream electronic and mass media and
\nemails\/ letters to appropriate stakeholders <\/p>\n

1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 INTRODUCTION <\/h2>\n

Climate change impacts have remained unstable and continued to take
\ntoll on the welfare of most societies
\naround the world (developed and developing countries alike). Geological and
\natmospheric records have continued to reveal dramatic fluctuations in global
\nmean temperature over multidecadal timescale. Over the years, the earth has
\ncontinued to warm unexpectedly as a result man\u2019s
\ninfluence (anthropogenic effect). Investigations revealed that global mean
\ntemperature has increased in addition to the rise in sea level and gross
\nreduction in snow cover and declining glaciers in the North Pole. The overall
\neffect arises from the cumulative impact of
\nhuman activities such as transportation, industrial manufacturing, energy
\ngeneration, agricultural activities, and
\npoor management of waste and forest wealth. Following a business as usual
\napproach, these changes are bound to continue and the impacts will be felt
\nacross urban and rural cities across the world. These could have a detrimental impact on air and water quality leading
\nto the possible spread of diseases and
\ncomplicated sanitation management for urban cities. Critical infrastructure
\ncould be subjected to high risks and lives could be lost in numbers. Climate
\nimpacts are also argued to exacerbate migration and
\nmass movement of people in search of resources which could become very
\nscarce around the world. Scarce resources possess severe danger as a struggle for survival could trigger hate and
\nintolerable attitudes in local and commercial communities across the globe.\u00a0 This calls for pragmatic actions by
\ninternational, national and local governments and the private sector to emancipate actions towards climate change
\nmitigation.<\/p>\n

The desire to improve the
\nenvironmental management system geared towards mitigation has continued to gain
\nrelevance around the world in recent times to promote an integrated society
\ncommitted to improving local habits that
\ncould force climate change. These management systems are combined strategies needed
\nto ensure that local conditions in different societies though may differ but are properly understood and
\nreplicated in other local effort communities. These strategies are aimed at
\nensuring that long-term healthy climate
\nsystem is maintained and if possible, communities can live with some spatial impacts already in place. Local
\nauthorities and County Councils are developing climate mitigation strategies that
\nkeep carbon emission emissions as low as
\npossible through a reduction in domestic
\nand institutional carbon footprints. Some of these strategies include: <\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Data gathering and
    \nanalysis; this involves the collection of local emission scenarios information
    \nthrough stakeholder consultation and partnership; including rural dwellers and
    \nurban environmental managers. This information is evaluated to underpin the
    \nlikely emission loopholes and possible ways of addressing them in line with
    \nsustainable development plans. Data gathering and evaluation also help local
    \ncommunities to discover aspects of
    \nvulnerability and proposal of appropriate adaptation mechanisms; through participatory action plans. <\/li>\n
  2. Policy drivers; different
    \ncity councils have developed local policies for climate mitigation. For example,
    \nLondon city council set overall reduction of Co2 emission of 60% by 2025 and
    \nexpect that local organisations and London borough will work towards the target
    \nplan by monitoring households emissions
    \nscenarios, designing efficient and sustainable transport systems, use of
    \nrenewable materials and energy consumption. This policy has been replicated
    \nacross many cities in England and across the UK with each council developing
    \nown implementation strategies. A typical
    \nexample is the SMART CITY development phenomenon where IT systems are used to
    \nmonitor energy consumption and transport emission footprint. <\/li>\n
  3. Economic Assistance;
    \nregional governments such as the European Union currently support local
    \ncouncils in developing SMART CITIES. These cities are to serve as models for improved energy efficiency in sustainable
    \nbuildings and the generally built systems,
    \nsupport new cultures of urban transport models, and integration of ICT in
    \ninfrastructural management. The EU economic assistance through her REMOURBAN
    \nproject aimed to excite citizens into active actors of the sustainable renovation of local cities and
    \nfoster the market for smart cities. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    In the light of this, this
    \nreport will seek to understand how Nottinghamshire County Council can improve
    \nits commitment towards climate change mitigation and lesson that can be learnt.
    \nIt will use the baseline information from the earlier assessment to evaluate how
    \nit can generate different scenarios that can inform climate change mitigation
    \nthrough the reduction of carbon and other greenhouse gases emission. These
    \nstrategies will be highlighted in the short, medium and long-term view to
    \nensure that the council aligns its objectives to regional and international
    \nclimate change emission reduction strategies
    \nas proposed by the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change
    \n(UNFCCC).\u00a0 <\/p>\n

    2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SUMMARY OF THE BASELINE GHG EMISSIONS INVENTORY \u00a0<\/h2>\n

    This section summarizes the Nottinghamshire anthropogenic climate induce emission baseline data shown in Figure 1<\/strong>. As per 2005 and 2006 climate change results, buildings contributed the most to the greenhouse gas emissions at 59% of total emissions in Nottinghamshire. The buildings had contributed 64800 tons of greenhouse gases. In addition, street lighting, transport and waste contributed 11700, 25184, and 8640 tons respectively per year. The total emissions were at 110,324 tons per year. Particularly, most emissions in the UK come from the transport sector. Cars and other freight vehicles contribute to these emissions (Clegg, Mancarella 2018).\u00a0 <\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n

    2.2 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Future Emissions Scenarios (Not Business as Usual) <\/h3>\n

    The population at Nottinghamshire is
    \ngrowing every day. With time, the increase in the level of Population is demanding more energy
    \nfor socio-economic activities to sustain their survival. On the other hand, there is an increase
    \nin the population pressure on the available resources as the number of firms continue to increase.
    \nThe buildings not only increase energy use, but also reduce the availability of land
    \nunder vegetation that is important in carbon sequestration \u2013 balancing the
    \namount of carbon emissions in the air (Rosenvald,
    \nRosenvald 2017). As the number of housing
    \nunits increase, the demand for the social amenities like street lighting,
    \nschools and hospitals increase proportionately (Clegg, Mancarella
    \n2018). On the other hand,
    \ndemand for goods and services increases within the region leading to an
    \nincrease in the level of transportation to meet the demand for local goods. In
    \nfact, as the population welfare continues to improve the demand for energy
    \nincreases within Nottinghamshire with the high potential for emission increase.
    \nThereafter, more residents may purchase vehicles for mobility in accessing
    \ndifferent services and products within the county council. It is evident that
    \nclimate change is attributed to a vicious cycle, which, if not well monitored
    \ncan affect the implementation of climate-change-mitigation policies (Ojha, Pattnaik et
    \nal. 2018). Such activities require
    \nproactive strategies that may lead to energy saving measures in
    \nNottinghamshire. In light of this, Nottinghamshire has been able to improve its
    \nthe Robin Hood Energy initiative that has improved the use of cleaner energy at
    \nlow cost. This is important in changing business mentality to allow adoption of
    \ncleaner practices. <\/p>\n

    2.3 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Demand for Sustainable Resources <\/h3>\n

    Organisations are demanding processes that can improve the performance of different processes. This has bolstered the implementation of the ISO 14001 standards that can improve the performance of different organisations in reducing loss of resources in production (Heras-Saizarbitoria 2018). This also leads to the production of sustainable products (International Organization for Standardization, 2015, p. 2). It is against this background that the demands for products like the solar panels<\/a> are gaining use in Nottinghamshire. These are meant to make use of the solar energy. These products can guarantee Nottinghamshire an opportunity to reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions (My Nottingham News, 2015). In a bid to improve the organisational contribution in the use of resources, organisations are improving the use of their resources to add extra electricity they make to the national grid (Hall & Roelicha, 2016, p. 297). This may improve the supply of electricity, though on the contrary, it leads to an increase in the emission of greenhouse gases. Thus, there is the need to adopt products that use sustainable and renewable resources like the solar energy. In a bid to increase their revenues, municipalities are embracing the production of electricity. However, since the population will increase failure of solar energy to meet the demands of the population will lead to an increase in the rate of substitution of solar energy for electricity. Thus, the future demands strategies that require integration of municipalities and consumer demands (Hall & Roelicha, 2016, p. 292). This will help deliver a balanced strategy that promotes a balance between societal and environmental needs.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

    The climate change
    \nconsequences have increased the rate of growth of the vegetation and nesting of
    \nbirds in Nottinghamshire. This demands an increase in the efforts of
    \nmaintenance of vegetation by the municipal (UK Climate Impacts Programme,
    \n2011). In the coming years, the
    \nvegetation may increase, which may increase the carbon emissions as the
    \nmunicipality seeks to improve the quality of its environment. However, the
    \nincrease in vegetation presents an opportunity for the county to increase its
    \nafforestation efforts in the acreage of its forest. In fact, there will be a
    \nneed for the municipality to increase the conservation and protection of its
    \nforests, as they will be under encroachment as land for development becomes
    \nscarcer. This may help reduce the greenhouse emissions as the plants utilise
    \nthe carbon in growth. Moreover, an increase in the vegetation may present
    \norganisations in Nottinghamshire an opportunity to explore the need for a
    \ncreated shared value to promote environmental sustainability, as the
    \nenvironment is benign for cooperation in mitigating climate change.
    \nConsecutively, the increase in population will not only increase the goods and
    \nservices demand but also waste associated
    \nwith consumption. Therefore, the county ought to establish structures that can
    \nutilise the waste to meet societal needs. This can be through recycling or reuse.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

    3 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 FUTURE EMISSION SCENARIOS <\/h2>\n

    It is been generally argued by scientists that global temperature will soar by the end of the 21st<\/sup> century (the 2100) due to anthropogenic emissions. Some argued that the world could warm up to between 1.4\u2019C to 5.8\u2019C. The gap between the suggested possible temperatures exists due to the earth uncertainties that lead to the planning for different temperatures scenarios. A report by the IPCC identifies four (4) representative concentration pathways (RCPs) to estimate future emission scenarios that showed how the earth will warm by 2100. The rapid mitigation (RCP 2.6) is shown to keep warming above pre-industrial epoch up to 2.3\u2019C by 2100 while runaway emission scenario (RCP 8.5) is estimated to warm the earth between 3.2 \u2013 5.4\u2019C by the same
    \nperiod of time. See figure below.\n<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n

    How then will these
    \nscenarios impact on local communities and cities is crucial to underpin the
    \nmitigation measures that could target emission reduction.
    \nAre there possible ways which local councils can reduce emission and
    \ncarbon footprints? What lesson can be learnt from present sustainability
    \nprogrammes and they point towards a less warm
    \nworld by 2100. Council actions are
    \nrequired to plan but for different temperatures scenarios which scientist
    \ndepends on; which describes a business as usual case and emission reduction and
    \nsustainability strategy\u2019s scenarios. With this in mind, this report aimed at producing an emission reduction for Nottingham
    \nLocal Council need to be more pragmatic in developing local reduction targets
    \nbase on these scenarios. In this report, a proposal is drawn up to foster three
    \n(3) possible emission scenarios for Nottingham City, United Kingdom: <\/p>\n

    3.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Business as usual scenario for Nottingham City: <\/h3>\n

    This scenario is generated
    \nin terms of some key indicators of growth such
    \nas population, fossil energy prices and GDP. The projected population for
    \nNottingham is obtained from literature to develop relevant projections in the
    \ncontext of local systems. However, the Council\u2019s population is estimated at
    \n325300 and projections suggest this will increase to 332,700 by 2024 and
    \n865,000 by 2030. Going into the future beyond 2050, the city is unlikely to
    \nwitness a rise in population as compared
    \nto other cities but the number of aged 85+ could increase significantly.
    \nIncrease in the population indicates more
    \nenergy and transport demand. The implication of this without sustainability
    \napproaches aimed at emission reduction implies that greenhouse gases will
    \ncontinue to be emitted leading to the estimated minimum temperature.\u00a0 Other factors that may cause a business as
    \nusual growth emissions include projected GDP growth is Britain take over
    \ncontrol of the economy and financial aids
    \nto European countries are stopped. These finances could be further managed to
    \nboost the economy supported by a reduction
    \nin immigration into the city. Human attitudes at this point may need to be
    \nproperly tailored such that they don\u2019t
    \nimpact the earth negatively. <\/p>\n

    3.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Technical fix scenarios: <\/h3>\n

    In this scenario, policies
    \nare deemed to be implemented at local council levels for emission reduction.
    \nSome of these policies include that: 1) 30% of cars driven in Nottingham should
    \nbe electric cars by the year 2050. This implies that car dealers in
    \nNottinghamshire must reduce importation of fossil energy cars by 30% and
    \nreplace same with electric cars by 2050. More so, there is a need for investment
    \nin solar systems (PVC) by the city council in partnership with the European
    \nUnion through this could be challenged by
    \nthe Brexit issue. Households in the county need
    \nto go off the grid by installing solar
    \npanels on the roof of their homes to
    \ngenerate green energy. These PVCs can be subsidized by the by County council or
    \nhave the cost spread for customer convenience and patronage.\u00a0 Generally, Nottingham is know as a green city
    \nbecause of the REMOBURN partnership; which has developed local strategies for investments in smart energy
    \ncommunities with a strict focus on
    \ndistrict heating system and retrofitting, Low carbon transport technologies (tram links shown
    \nbelow) need to be powered by solar batteries
    \nsystems. The partnership also aim to providing
    \nlocal assistance for small and medium enterprises to focus on innovations.
    \nThough there is no clear way of
    \nmonitoring these process efficiently, it is believed that some improved work
    \nwill be done to ensure that emissions are drastically
    \nreduced.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n

    \u00a0c. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Everything
    \nGreen scenario: Given that not all the mitigation actions taken are implemented
    \nefficiently and effectively as proposed, this scenario suggests that there will
    \nbe 100% reduction of in local emission.
    \nIt implies that there is a substantial amount of
    \nreduction in GHG emissions from transport, household usage and waste management
    \n\u2013 including from agricultural practices
    \nin the countryside.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n

    4. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS<\/h2>\n

    These are
    \nthe targets that could be set by the County aimed at reducing the level of
    \nemissions from areas that have been identified in the baseline.<\/p>\n

    4.1 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reducing Carbon Emissions by 80% come 2050 <\/h3>\n

    The target of 80%
    \nreduction in greenhouse gas emissions is set as the UK government long-term climate change mitigation target, and
    \nas such it is binding on the Nottinghamshire council. There is an expected
    \nincrease in the population that has seen most property developers in the United
    \nKingdom improve their efforts in improving available infrastructure. This will
    \npresent new challenges and increase the carbon emissions associated with the
    \nconstruction sector. In Nottinghamshire, the population increase will demand
    \nsocial facilities that will require that organisations invest in social
    \nenterprises for a sustainable society. Thus, need to ensure that every year the
    \ncounty should address its infrastructural development to ensure it meets carbon
    \nreduction targets of 80% come 2050 (Department for Environmental Food and Rural
    \nAffairs, 2016; Committee on Climate Change, 2016). <\/p>\n

    4.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reducing Carbon Emission by 60% by 2030 <\/h3>\n

    The government expects
    \nthat the efforts of all county councils will help bring carbon emission to 60%
    \nby the year 2030 (Department for Environmental Food and Rural Affairs, 2016). This
    \nis a medium-term target set by the city council. It then follows that there are
    \nsustainable practices that ensure that this target is met by 2030.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

    4.3 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Reduce Local Carbon Emissions by 40% by 2020<\/h3>\n

    In the short term plan,
    \nthe city council aims to bring carbon emission down by 40% of 1990 level by the
    \nyear 2020. Since the rate at which regions are emitting carbon is at a rate of
    \n3-4% there is a need to ensure that Nottinghamshire reduces its carbon
    \nemissions by approximately 40% come 2020. This is important as it will
    \neliminate the effects of climate change by an extra 0.2%, ensuring that the
    \npositive benefits are greater than the externalities (Committee on Climate
    \nChange, 2016). <\/p>\n

    5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 MEETING THE 2050 TARGET<\/h2>\n

    Inorder to meet the 2050 objective of the city
    \ncouncil, it will require a year to year reduction of CO2 of around 2% of
    \ncurrent level. However, taking into account the estimated population growth in
    \nthe council, a more than 2% reduction in CO2 emission yearly will be required
    \nto meet the 2050 target. A technical fix in the form of a substantial use of
    \nrenewable energy for meeting the growing energy demand is a sustainable
    \nstrategy. Nottingham has already developed a local utility called Robinhood, which uses incinerator heat, solar
    \npower and waste food plants to generate electricity at cheaper rates for the
    \npeople. However, the local utility can benefit meeting the 2050 target if it
    \nexpands more in order to be able to accommodate future subscribers. The
    \nexpansion of Robinhood energy services
    \nensures insulation against high energy prices, low-carbon energy supply for
    \nbusinesses and domestic sector. The stakeholders that need to reinforce
    \npartnership to expand this sustainable energy delivery include the city waste
    \nmanagement board, Nottingham energy partnership, private investors and the city
    \ncouncil. Another renewable energy source
    \nthat can add to the sustainable supply is wind energy and bioenergy generation.<\/p>\n

    5.1 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Green approach to 2050 target <\/strong>\u2013 a secondapproach to meeting the reduction of carbon emission by 2050 is a substantial reduction in energy use. Energy use in the homes can be reduced by the use of wall insulations to reduce heat demand. Also, the use of renewable energy with local government incentives to encourage participation will be adopted. This includes lowering tax on energy generated from renewable sources.\u00a0 The council can achieve this strategy through encouraging installation of building energy management system as well as efficient lighting systems. District heating or the use of combined heat and power is another strategy to ensure sustainable energy procurement and reduce carbon emission in order to meet the long-term plan of 2050. It is however difficult for the scope of this study to estimate percentage reduction when adopting these strategies. The cost of this strategy will be paid through green incentives to encourage replacement of boilers, use of green energy and the private sector through replacement of commercial lighting while the public sector finance pays for expansion of district heating.<\/p>\n

    5.2 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Meeting the 2030 target<\/strong> \u2013 the medium-term target is to reduce carbon emission by 60% in the year 2030. Sustainable transport approach \u2013 one major sector that contributes greatly to CO2 emission is transport sector. In this approach, the Nottingham city council will liaise with all organisations to adopt a green transport policy. The policy shall begin with every organization critically evaluating the need for a staff to travel. If after evaluation there is an actual need to travel, then the greenest possible means is used. Starting with walking to work, or cycling, or use of public transportation to the use of green cars. If this sustainable transport is adopted in organisations across the county, then a significant reduction in carbon emission can be achieved.<\/p>\n

    Also, the Nottingham\u2019s Local Transport Plan (\u201cthe plan\u201d) has been
    \nformulated to continue to upgrade transport networks, support sustainable
    \ntransport modes, encourage public transport and encourage more walking and
    \ncycling. The biggest challenge, however, is funding. Just like any mega
    \nproject, the private-public partnership
    \nis usually a better way of carrying out such projects. The expansion of the
    \ntram network and increase in public transport system will be included in \u201cthe
    \nplan\u201d to curb carbon emission. <\/p>\n

    5.3 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Meeting the 2020 target <\/strong>\u2013in theshort term, the council shall commence the carbon emission reduction strategies by creating more awareness on the need for organisations and individuals to buy into the integrated approach to cutting carbon emission down. The council\u2019s energy centre creates awareness through website, seminars, exhibitions, training, grant availability, energy saving measures, renewable energy information etc. The medium-term target can also be hit by behavioural changes, the use of smart meters and efficient waste disposal systems. A committee is set up to plan, manage and evaluate the integrated climate change strategies. This committee shall comprise of technical experts, private sector representatives and public sector representatives.<\/p>\n

    In
    \nsummary, as shown in the climate-related baseline
    \ninformation above, energy consumption from buildings and transportation plays
    \nan important role in the contribution to anthropogenic climate change in
    \nNottingham. More so, there is a high potential for population growth as the
    \nuniversities continue to grow in ranking and the city being peaceful. This will
    \nresult in more demand for transport vehicles
    \n(personal and commercial use). Therefore, the
    \ncounty could make policies that emphasize
    \non the use of hybrid vehicles that depends on renewable fuels. On the other hand,
    \nthey can encourage firms to adopt supply management systems that reroute some
    \nof the commercial vehicles to reduce the emission
    \nof greenhouse gases associated with logistics management (Okuniek, Beckmann
    \n2017).\u00a0 <\/p>\n

    The
    \nincrease in population will demand more sustainable practices in architectural
    \ndesigns of buildings and offices. This will help ensure that organisations are
    \nusing modern technology like Building Information Modelling that will lead to
    \nthe development of buildings that have low energy demands. This is because the
    \ntechnology will allow the calculation of the expected carbon emissions that it
    \nwill add to the ecosystem before its construction (Peng, 2016, p. 462). By
    \n2050, this may help promote sustainable living conditions that require less
    \nenergy. In fact, by 2020 the constructed buildings should meet the provisions
    \nof the UK Government in possessing a zero carbon rate. Consecutively, these
    \nhouses should have the potential to reduce the encroachment of land. In fact,
    \ndue to the growth of the property market,
    \nthere will be more vibrant that may lead to the construction
    \nof buildings that ignore the county provisions for safer construction that
    \nendangers its occupants. Therefore, the need for regulation should increase to
    \ndevelop safer buildings that are ecologically sustainable.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

    6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 OTHER MITIGATION MEASURES\u00a0 <\/h2>\n

    In planning for the future
    \nemission scenarios some mitigation measures need to be in place in the city.
    \nSome of these include a focus on energy efficiency in residential homes and
    \npublic buildings where heating, insulation, and lighting systems are adequately
    \nchecked using technology. Policy and projects aimed at directing the efficient
    \nuse of available infrastructure and equipment and energy generation from
    \nrenewable sources of medium scale systems are
    \nhighly emphasised (Zheng, Zhang et al. 2018). Upgrade of critical and
    \nrelevant infrastructure is suggested to replace existing plants with the aim of
    \nreducing the cost of energy as well as carbon emissions. The upgrade of systems
    \nand replacement could further improve the resilience and resistant ability of
    \ncritical infrastructure to other impacts (Pursiainen 2017).<\/p>\n