{"id":51958,"date":"2022-12-21T13:48:25","date_gmt":"2022-12-21T13:48:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/essays.homeworkacetutors.com\/2022\/12\/labreport-graham_fin-essay\/"},"modified":"2022-12-21T13:48:25","modified_gmt":"2022-12-21T13:48:25","slug":"labreport-graham_fin-essay","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/labreport-graham_fin-essay\/","title":{"rendered":"labreport-graham_fin Essay"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Graham Fallon \u2013 20083726<\/h3>\n

Lab report \u2013 Chemistry<\/h3>\n

Environmental water analysis<\/h3>\n

Lab report Water Quality Analysis Graham Fallon \u2013 20083726<\/p>\n

Analysis of the water quality of<\/h3>\n

St. Johns river, Waterford<\/h3>\n

Aims:<\/h2>\n

(1) To estimate the total weight of suspended solids in a water sample.<\/p>\n

(2) To estimate the total weight of dissolved solids in a water sample.<\/p>\n

(3) To calibrate a pH meter and use it to determine the Ph of a water sample.<\/p>\n

(4) Buffering capacity of water sample.<\/p>\n

(5) To determine the acidity of the water sample .<\/p>\n

(6) To d etermine the alkalinity of the water sample.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

Introduction:<\/h2>\n

The European council have set out directives, Council directive 98\/83 EC of November 1998<\/p>\n

on the quality of water intended for Human consumption and The Nitrates directive<\/p>\n

(91\/676\/EEC). Both of which outline the standards for water quality across the entire<\/p>\n

region. These directives set out guidelines for the minimum requirements for water quality<\/p>\n

to ensure the public health is protected (Eur -lex.europa.eu, 2019) . It is up to each member<\/p>\n

state to monitor water quality by sampling throughout the year, this obligation also requires<\/p>\n

that all sterilization techniques are valid (Eur -lex.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

europa.eu, 2019) . As for the Nitrates<\/p>\n

directive, this directive also defines the parameters for the use of fertilizers at during certain<\/p>\n

periods of the year (Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government, 2019) . According<\/p>\n

to Howard Perlman of the USGS water science school, improper timing and use of fertilizers\/<\/p>\n

slurry can cause severe algal b looms, which contribute to fish kills and the degradation of<\/p>\n

ecosystems (H. Perlman, 2019).<\/h3>\n

The water samples taken in Ireland are usually carried out by the EPA and report findings<\/p>\n

back to county councils and group water schemes, these reports must includ e<\/p>\n

concentrations and account for each of the following;<\/p>\n

\u0095 Microorganisms and parasites<\/p>\n

\u0095 Suspended organic\/inorganic materials<\/p>\n

\u0095 Dissolved organic materials<\/p>\n

\u0095 Dissolved inorganic materials<\/p>\n

\u0095 Taste and odor<\/p>\n

\u0095 Temperature<\/p>\n

\u0095 Chlorides<\/p>\n

\u0095 Nitrates<\/p>\n

\u0095 Algae<\/p>\n

\u0095 pH<\/p>\n

Lab report Water Quality Analysis Graham Fallon \u2013 20083726<\/p>\n

The sample provided was taken from the St John river, which runs through Waterford city,<\/p>\n

of which most of the river is tidal and according to a report published by the EPA in 2011<\/p>\n

ammonia, o -phosphate, nitrite and nitrate are frequently elevated. This river was said to be<\/p>\n

seriously polluted (Report on the River Water Quality in Waterford city & County, 2011).<\/p>\n

Method:<\/h2>\n

Apparatus used:<\/h2>\n

250ml graduated cylinders, 250ml conical flasks, 250ml Beakers, 50ml Burettes, filter<\/p>\n

paper, oven, pipettes, pH meter, Analytical balance, Top -pan balance, tongs, funnel.<\/p>\n

Chemicals used:<\/h2>\n

pH buffer solutions 7&10, Phenolphthalein, Methyl Orange indicator, 0.02M HCL solution,<\/p>\n

deionized water, St Johns river sample.<\/p>\n

(1) Suspended solids<\/p>\n

\u0095 Filter paper was removed from packaging and weighed on Analytical balance,<\/p>\n

ensuring door was closed for an accurate reading. Reading recorded to four decimal<\/p>\n

places.<\/h2>\n

\u0095 100ml of sample water was allowed to drain through filter paper into a 250ml<\/p>\n

beaker, the water that filtered through was kept for a later test.<\/p>\n

\u0095 After filtration, filter paper was placed into the oven for 30 minutes at 100 degrees<\/p>\n

Celsius until filter paper was completely dry.<\/p>\n

\u0095 The filter paper was reweighed on the Analytical balance and the figures recorded.<\/p>\n

\u0095 A weighted was d etermined in g\/ml.<\/p>\n

(2) Dissolved solids<\/p>\n

\u0095 Water from the suspended solids test were kept and used to determine the total<\/p>\n

concentration of dissolved solids.<\/h3>\n

\u0095 A clean\/dry beaker was weighed on the Top pan balance to determine the beakers<\/p>\n

dry weight and measured in grams, to two decimal places.<\/p>\n

\u0095 100ml of sample water was allowed to filter through the filter paper into the 250ml<\/p>\n

beaker.<\/h2>\n

\u0095 The beaker was weighed along with the sample water using the Top pan balance.<\/p>\n

\u0095 The beaker was then placed into the oven at 200 degrees Celsius until the water had<\/p>\n

been driven off.<\/h2>\n

\u0095 The beaker was allowed to cool and reweighed and readings recorded.<\/p>\n

Lab report Water Quality Analysis Graham Fallon \u2013 20083726<\/p>\n

(3) pH test of water sample<\/p>\n

\u0095 The pH meter was unpacked and the probe cleaned using deionized water and a soft<\/p>\n

piece of cloth. A small beaker was filled with deionized water for cleaning after buffer<\/p>\n

solutions.<\/h2>\n

\u0095 The pH meter was calibrated using two buffer solutions of known pH, the meter must<\/p>\n

be in calibration mode while using the buffer solutions.<\/p>\n

\u0095 First using the buffer solution of 10, waiting for a stable reading then calibrating.<\/p>\n

\u0095 Rinse probe.<\/p>\n

\u0095 Use the second buffer solution of 7, wait for a stable reading then calibrate.<\/p>\n

\u0095 Rinse probe.<\/p>\n

\u0095 The sample was inserted i nto a small beaker, agitated and probe inserted.<\/p>\n

\u0095 Readings were measured and recorded.<\/p>\n

(4) Buffering capacity<\/p>\n

\u0095 50.0ml of water sample was placed into a clean\/dry 250ml Beaker.<\/p>\n

\u0095 The pH was measured and recorded.<\/p>\n

\u0095 Using a disposable pipette, 1ml of 0.01M HCL was added to the sample one drop at a<\/p>\n

time, monitoring the pH as each drop was added.<\/p>\n

\u0095 Continuously stir sample.<\/p>\n

\u0095 This process was carried out repeatedly until the pH had changed by<\/p>\n

one entire unit.<\/h2>\n

\u0095 The Buffering capacity was then calculat ed<\/p>\n

(5) Acidity of a water sample<\/p>\n

\u0095 Using a pipette 50.0ml of sample water was placed into clean\/dry<\/p>\n

250ml conical flask.<\/p>\n

\u0095 Two drops of Methyl Orange indicator were added to this sample.<\/p>\n

\u0095 After two drops of Methyl Orange were added, the samp le went a bright red.<\/p>\n

\u0095 A decision was made to titrate back using 0.02M NaOH in a 50ml burette to reach a<\/p>\n

yellow end point. Colour change should take place at around 4.5pH (Graham, 1999).<\/p>\n

\u0095 No end point could be established after 25ml of 0.02M NaOH as sample o r beaker<\/p>\n

may have been contaminated.<\/h3>\n

\u0095 The test had to be abandoned due to time constraints and working alone.<\/p>\n

(6) Alkalinity of a water sample<\/p>\n

\u0095 Using the same apparatus and set up as the test for acidity in a water sample.<\/p>\n

\u0095 50.0ml of sample water used and 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator added to<\/p>\n

sample. Pink colour observed.<\/h3>\n

\u0095 0.02M HCl used in titration back to a colourless solution.<\/p>\n

\u0095 Titre value recorded<\/p>\n

\u0095 Due to time constraints, test could not be replicated or repeated .<\/p>\n

Lab report Water Quality Analysis Graham Fallon \u2013 20083726<\/p>\n

Calculations:<\/h2>\n

2HCl + CaCO3 \u2014 CaCL 2 + H 2O + CO 2<\/p>\n

MaVa\/n1 = MbVb\/n2<\/h2>\n

a = CaCO 3 b = HCl<\/h2>\n

Ma = ? Mb = 0.02M<\/h2>\n

Va = 50ml Vb = 11.6ml<\/h2>\n

n1= 1 b1 = 1<\/h2>\n

(? x 50)\/1 = (0.02 x 11.6)\/1<\/p>\n

? = (0.02 x 11.6)\/50<\/p>\n

= 0.00464<\/p>\n

0.00464 x 100 = 0.464 g\/L<\/p>\n

= 464 mg\/L<\/p>\n

Lab report Water Quality Analysis Graham Fallon \u2013 20083726<\/p>\n

Table of results<\/h2>\n

Table A: Suspended Solids<\/h3>\n

Sample Filter<\/h2>\n

Paper<\/h2>\n

Mass (g)<\/h2>\n

Filter<\/h2>\n

Paper +<\/h2>\n

Solids<\/h2>\n

(Dried) (g)<\/p>\n

Mass of<\/h2>\n

Solids in<\/h2>\n

100ml\/ (g)<\/p>\n

100ml of St.<\/p>\n

Johns river<\/h2>\n

water<\/h2>\n

1.2885g 1.3018g 0.0133g<\/p>\n

Table B: Dissolved Solids<\/h3>\n

Sample Beaker<\/h2>\n

Weight Dry<\/h2>\n

(g)<\/p>\n

Beaker &<\/h2>\n

Dissolved<\/h2>\n

Solid<\/h2>\n

(wet)(g)<\/p>\n

Beaker &<\/h2>\n

Dissolved<\/h2>\n

solids<\/h2>\n

(dry)(g)<\/p>\n

Dissolved<\/h2>\n

Solids<\/h2>\n

(100ml)<\/p>\n

Total<\/h2>\n

Dissolved<\/h2>\n

Solids (mg<\/h2>\n

L)<\/p>\n

100ml<\/p>\n

Sample<\/h2>\n

water<\/h2>\n

165.11g 256.182g 165.18g 0.07g 0.0007mg L<\/p>\n

Table C: pH Results<\/h2>\n

Sample pH<\/h2>\n

St. Johns River 6.86<\/h2>\n

Distilled Water 6.6<\/h2>\n

Results D: Acidity\/Alkalinity Titration<\/p>\n

Sample Methyl Orange Phenolphthalein<\/h3>\n

50.0ml Sample water N\/A 11.6cm 3<\/p>\n

Lab report Water Quality Analysis Graham Fallon \u2013 20083726<\/p>\n

Discussion<\/h2>\n

When considering water quality, guidelines provided by the EC in the Council directive 98\/83<\/p>\n

EC of November 1998 on the quality of water intended for Human consumption and the<\/p>\n

EEC, No.L229 of July,1980 must be considered, although these experiments were no t<\/p>\n

testing for human consumption.<\/h3>\n

The outlined total suspended solids (dry residues) must be under 1500mg\/dm 3 (Eur \u2013<\/p>\n

lex.europa.eu, 2019) . Measurements of 0.07g can be seen in table (B) and this<\/p>\n

measurement is within the standards set out by the EC &EEC.<\/p>\n

As with current standards on pH, the Freshwater Fish directive (78\/659\/EEC) of 1978 on the<\/p>\n

quality of fresh waters needing protection, co mments on the recommended pH being from 6<\/p>\n

to 9 for both Salmoid and Cyprinid waters. Test results obtained were 6.86pH and are within<\/p>\n

the parameters set out.<\/h3>\n

The current directive also outlines for suspended solids and Nitrates among other things.<\/p>\n

These re adings are all within current parameters as can be seen in Tables (A) through (D).<\/p>\n

These findings could be false, figures recorded are all below recommended guidelines. The<\/p>\n

EPA define St Johns river as being treated for sewage and affluent run off, that th e river is<\/p>\n

\u0091of concern \u0092 and \u0091seriously polluted\u0092 (Report on the River Water Quality in Waterford city &<\/p>\n

County 2011, 2011).<\/h2>\n

Errors and false results<\/h3>\n

\u0095 The lab manual was difficult to follow at times and this was compounded by my change of<\/p>\n

partners week to week. A lab practical on this topic would have been beneficial. All<\/p>\n

figures could have been tabulated across the group to find more precise results.<\/p>\n

\u0095 Glassware contaminated with unknown material thus making one experiment invalid.<\/p>\n

\u0095 Door would not close on the analytical balance after drying filter paper, this may have led<\/p>\n

to inaccurate results as the filter paper was absorbing environmental moisture.<\/p>\n

Con clusion<\/h2>\n

Water quality standards across Ireland have fluctuated throughout the years from an all \u2013<\/p>\n

time low (14.5%) in moderate water quality rivers and estuaries (2007 to 2009), into the<\/p>\n

present day where the figure stands at 16.7% (O\u2019Boyle and Tierney, 2016). There was also<\/p>\n

an increase in sites where phosphate damage had been decreased, from 28% in 2007 to<\/p>\n

37% in 2017 (O\u2019Donnell et al., 2017) . These decreases are a reflection of directives and the<\/p>\n

willingness of governments to follo w through.<\/p>\n

As the results obtained were in line with recommended standards on water quality, the<\/p>\n

results may be incorrect due to previously outlined errors. As the Environmental protection<\/p>\n

agency has stated in the report on Water Quality in Waterford city & county, there has been<\/p>\n

no substantial change in the water quality of St. Johns river (Report on the River Water<\/p>\n

Quality in Waterford city & County 2011, 2012)<\/p>\n

Lab report Water Quality Analysis Graham Fallon \u2013 20083726<\/p>\n

Refernces<\/h2>\n

Bristow, A., Whitehead, D. and Cockburn, J. (1992). Nitrogenous constituents in the urine of<\/p>\n

cattle, sheep and goats. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 59(3), pp.387 -394.<\/p>\n

Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government. (2019). Nitrates Directive . [online]<\/p>\n

Available at: -quality\/nitrates\/n itrates -directive<\/p>\n

[Accessed 27 Mar. 2019].<\/p>\n

Eur -lex.europa.eu. (2019). EUR -Lex \u2013 01998L0083 -20151027 \u2013 EN \u2013 EUR -Lex . [online]<\/p>\n

Available at: -lex.euro pa.eu\/legal -content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:01998L0083 \u2013<\/p>\n

20151027 [Accessed 28 Mar. 2019].<\/p>\n

Graham, N. (1999). Guidelines for Drinking -Water Quality, 2nd edition, Addendum to<\/p>\n

Volume 1 \u0096 Recommendations, World Health Organisation, Geneva, 1998, 36 pages. Urban<\/p>\n

Water , [online] 1(2), p.17. Available at:<\/p>\n

[Accessed 27 Mar. 2019].<\/p>\n

Howard Perlman, U. (2019). What causes fish kills? Water science questions and answers,<\/p>\n

from the USGS Water Science School . [online] Water.usgs.gov. Available at:<\/p>\n

-chemical -fishkills.html [Accessed 31 Mar. 2019].<\/p>\n

O\u2019Boyle, S. and Tierney, D. (2016). Indicator 2 \u2013 High Quality water sites . [online] Available at:<\/p>\n

-in-the -percentage -of-high -quality -river -sites -Q5 -Q4 \u2013<\/p>\n

5-since -1987_fig2_325877817 [Accessed 29 Mar. 2019].<\/p>\n

O\u2019Donnell, G., Stephens, A., Free, G. and Tierney, D. (2017). Phosphorus (mg\/L) in Lakes .<\/p>\n

[online] researchgate. Available at: -three -year \u2013<\/p>\n

averages -of-total -phosphorus -concentrations -at-monitored -lakes -2007 -2016_fig4_325877817<\/p>\n

[Accessed 30 Mar. 2019].<\/p>\n

Report on the River Water Quality in Waterford city & County 2011. (2011). [online] pp.1 -4.<\/p>\n

Available at:<\/h2>\n

WaterfordCityandCounty.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2019].<\/p>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Graham Fallon \u2013 20083726 Lab report \u2013 Chemistry Environmental water analysis Lab report Water Quality Analysis Graham Fallon \u2013 20083726 Analysis of the water quality of St. Johns river, Waterford Aims: (1) To estimate the total weight of suspended solids in a water sample. (2) To estimate the total weight of dissolved solids in a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6495,8577,5964,8396],"tags":[6964,6963,5853,6862,6965],"class_list":["post-51958","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-do-my-assignment","category-essay-writing-help","category-free-essay","category-paper-writing-service","tag-affordable-assignment-assistance","tag-custom-essay-writing","tag-free-essay-samples","tag-online-homework-help","tag-professional-homework-tutors"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51958","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=51958"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51958\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=51958"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=51958"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=51958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}