{"id":67700,"date":"2024-09-07T01:27:05","date_gmt":"2024-09-07T01:27:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/essays.homeworkacetutors.com\/2024\/09\/eutrophication-is-world-wide-environmental-issue-environmental-sciences-essay\/"},"modified":"2024-09-07T01:27:05","modified_gmt":"2024-09-07T01:27:05","slug":"eutrophication-is-world-wide-environmental-issue-environmental-sciences-essay","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/eutrophication-is-world-wide-environmental-issue-environmental-sciences-essay\/","title":{"rendered":"Eutrophication Is World Wide Environmental Issue Environmental Sciences Essay"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Environmental problems that are related to high concentration nutrients. It is the process due to increment of algae productivity which affects adversely aquatic life and also human and animal health. It is mainly influenced by humankind activities that include agriculture and sewage effluent due to creating high amount of nutrients.<\/p>\n

Although the increased production may increase the rate of lake filling, it is incorrect to define eutrophication as lake aging. A lake does not die with it reaches a state of high productivity, but when it no longer exists (is filled in). Lake filling results both from production that occurs in the lake, which may increase with eutrophication, and from organic and inorganic material deposited from outside the lake, which has no relationship with lake<\/p>\n

eutrophication.<\/p>\n

Stormwater runoff from these developed land areas is the major source ofnutrients for most lakes. Other activities that contribute to eutrophication are lawn and gardenfertilizers, faulty septic systems, washing with soap in or near the lake, erosion into the lake,dumping or burning leaves in or near a lake, and feeding ducks.<\/p>\n

The trophic state of a lake is a hybrid concept with no precise definition. Originally, trophic<\/p>\n

referred to nutrient status. Eutrophic water was water with high concentrations of nutrients and, by extension, a eutrophic lake was a lake that contained eutrophic water. Later the concept of trophic state was applied to lakes rather than water, and its precise definition was lost. Now trophic state not only refers to the nutrient status of the water, but also to the biological production that occurs in the water and to morphological characteristics of the lake basin itself.<\/p>\n

Now a eutrophic lake may not only be a lake with high levels of nutrients, but also a very<\/p>\n

shallow pond, full of rooted aquatic plants, that may or may not have high levels of nutrients.Lakes are divided into three trophic categories: oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic. The prototypic oligotrophic lake is a large deep lake with crystal clear waters and a rocky or sandy shoreline. Both planktonic and rooted plant growth are sparse, and the lake can support a coldwater fishery. A eutrophic lake is typically shallow with a soft and mucky bottom. Rooted plant growth is abundant along the shore and out into the lake, and algal blooms are not unusual. Water clarity is not good and the water often has a tea color. If deep enough to thermally stratify, the bottom waters are devoid of oxygen. Mesotrophic is an intermediate trophic state with characteristics between the other two.<\/p>\n

Oligotrophic<\/h2>\n

Steep shoreline and bottom gradient<\/p>\n

Low nutrient enrichment<\/p>\n

Little planktonic growth<\/p>\n

Few aquatic plants<\/p>\n

Sand or rock along most of shoreline<\/p>\n

Coldwater fishery<\/p>\n

High dissolved oxygen content<\/p>\n

Mesotrophic<\/h2>\n

Moderate nutrient enrichment<\/p>\n

Moderate planktonic growth<\/p>\n

Some sediment accumulation over<\/p>\n

The mechanism of eutrophication is briefly described in Figure 1. Large amount of nutrient input to the water body is the main effect and high level of phytoplankton biomass results that lead to algal bloom. Consumption of oxygen close the bottom of the water body is the result. The other effects of the process can be divided two categories that are related to:<\/p>\n

nutrient dispersion,<\/p>\n

phytoplankton growth<\/p>\n

The main steps of the eutrophication process can be observed in Figure 2.<\/p>\n

Nitrogen and phosphorus are two main nutrients for aquatic life. In addition, A silica is also necessary for the diatoms. Nutrient concentration in the water body changes during eutrophication. The nutrient is the limiting factor, if it is not be available for algae develop.<\/p>\n

The sufficient factor to determine limiting factor is the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus compounds in the water body is an important factor for control mechanism. (Table 1). Phosphorus is generally limiting factor for phytoplankton in fresh waters. For large marine areas frequently have nitrogen as the limiting nutrient, especially in summer. Intermediate areas such as river plumes are often phosphorus-limited during spring,but may turn to silica or nitrogen limitation in summer.<\/p>\n

Eutrophication providing factor and its reasons<\/p>\n

Increasing amount of the substances in the water is mostly raised by man made activities and partly also natural issues. This situation can be generalized on the whole of the world. On this stage, some main sources of anthropic nutrient input occurs, such as<\/p>\n

Runoff<\/p>\n

Erosion<\/p>\n

Leaching (from used or agricultured era and sewer from urban area)<\/p>\n

Athmospheric Nitrogen (combustion gases and animal breeding)<\/p>\n

According to the Europian Environment Agency (EEA), \u2018the main source of nitrogen pollutants is run-off from agricultured land, whereas most phosphorus pollution comes from households and industry, including phosphorus- based detergents. The rapid increase in industrial production and in in-house consumption during the 20th century has resulted in greater volumes of nutrient-rich wastewater. Although there has been recently a better management of nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural practices, saturation of soils with phosphorus can be noted in some areas where spreading of excessive manure from animal husbandry occurs. Nutrient removal in sewage treatment plants and promotion of phosphorus-free detergents are vital to minimize the impact of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution on Europe\u2019s water bodies.\u201d<\/p>\n

Some activities can lead to an increase in adverse eutrophication and, although they are very specific, they should be noted:<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Aquaculture development: Expansion of aquaculture contributes to eutrophication by the discharge of unused animal food and excreta of fish into the water;<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 The transportation of exotic species: Mainly via the ballasts of big ships, toxic algae, cyanobacteria and nuisance weeds can be carried from endemic areas to uncontaminated ones. In these new environments they may find a favourable habitat for their diffusion and overgrowth, stimulated by nutrients availability;<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Reservoirs in arid lands: The construction of large reservoirs to store and manage water has been<\/p>\n

taking place all over the world. These dams are built<\/p>\n

in order to allow the collection of drainage waters<\/p>\n

through huge hydrographic basins. Erosion leads to<\/p>\n

the enrichment of the waters of these reservoirs by<\/p>\n

nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen<\/p>\n

Factors supporting the development<\/h2>\n

of eutrophication<\/h2>\n

Besides nutrient inputs, the first condition supporting<\/p>\n

eutrophication development is purely physical \u2013 it is<\/p>\n

the containment (time of renewal) of the water. The<\/p>\n

containment of water can be physical, such as in a<\/p>\n

lake or even in a slow river that works as a batch<\/p>\n

(upstream waters do not mix with downstream<\/p>\n

waters), or it can be dynamic.<\/p>\n

The notion of dynamic containment is mostly relevant<\/p>\n

for marine areas. Geological features such as the<\/p>\n

shape of the bottom of the sea, the shape of the<\/p>\n

shores, physical conditions such as streams, or large<\/p>\n

turbulent areas, and tidal movements, allow some<\/p>\n

large marine areas to be really \u201ccontained\u201d, exhibiting<\/p>\n

very little water renewal. This is known as dynamic<\/p>\n

containment. In other cases, due to tidal effects, and\/or streams,<\/p>\n

some areas that would seem to be prone to containment<\/p>\n

see their waters regularly renewed and are not<\/p>\n

contained at all and are therefore very unlikely to<\/p>\n

become eutrophic.<\/p>\n

Other physical factors influence eutrophication of<\/p>\n

water bodies. Thermal stratification of stagnant water<\/p>\n

bodies (such as lakes and reservoirs), temperature<\/p>\n

and light influence the development of aquatic algae.<\/p>\n

Increased light and temperature conditions during<\/p>\n

spring and summer explain why eutrophication is a<\/p>\n

phenomenon that occurs mainly during these seasons.<\/p>\n

Eutrophication itself affects the penetration of<\/p>\n

light through the water body because of the shadow<\/p>\n

effect coming from the development of algae and<\/p>\n

other living organisms and this reduces photosynthesis8<\/p>\n

in deep water layers, and aquatic grass and<\/p>\n

weeds bottom development. Main consequences<\/p>\n

of eutrophication<\/h2>\n

The major consequence of eutrophication concerns<\/p>\n

the availability of oxygen. Plants, through photosynthesis,<\/p>\n

produce oxygen in daylight. On the contrary, in<\/p>\n

darkness all animals and plants, as well as aerobic<\/p>\n

microorganisms and decomposing dead organisms,<\/p>\n

respire and consume oxygen. These two competitive<\/p>\n

processes are dependent on the development of the<\/p>\n

biomass. In the case of severe biomass accumulation,<\/p>\n

the process of oxidation of the organic matter that has<\/p>\n

formed into sediment at the bottom of the water body<\/p>\n

will consume all the available oxygen. Even the oxygen<\/p>\n

contained in sulphates (SO4<\/p>\n

2-) will be used by<\/p>\n

some specific bacteria. This will lead to the release of<\/p>\n

sulphur (S2-) that will immediately capture the free oxygen<\/p>\n

still present in the upper layers. Thus, the water<\/p>\n

body will loose all its oxygen and all life will disappear.<\/p>\n

This is when the very specific smell of rotten eggs, originating<\/p>\n

mainly from sulphur, will appear.<\/p>\n

In parallel with these changes in oxygen concentration<\/p>\n

other changes in the water environment occur: \u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Changes in algal population: During eutrophication,<\/p>\n

macroalgae, phytoplankton (diatoms, dinoflagellates,<\/p>\n

chlorophytes) and cyanobacteria9, which<\/p>\n

depend upon nutrients, light, temperature and water<\/p>\n

movement, will experience excessive growth. From<\/p>\n

a public health point of view, the fact that some of<\/p>\n

these organisms can release toxins into the water or<\/p>\n

be toxic themselves is important.<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Changes in zooplankton11, fish and shellfish population:<\/p>\n

Where eutrophication occurs, this part of the<\/p>\n

ecosystem is the first to demonstrate changes. Being<\/p>\n

most sensitive to oxygen availability, these species may die from oxygen limitation or from changes in the<\/p>\n

chemical composition of the water such as the excessive<\/p>\n

alkalinity that occurs during intense photosynthesis12.<\/p>\n

Ammonia toxicity in fish for example is much<\/p>\n

higher in alkaline waters.<\/p>\n

Eutrophication Management<\/p>\n

Establishment of eutrophication<\/h2>\n

management goals<\/h2>\n

There are several approaches for assigning a priority to alternative eutrophication<\/p>\n

control programmes. The programmes can be directed either toward treating<\/p>\n

the basic causes or the symptoms (e.g. reducing aquatic plant nutrient inputs<\/p>\n

from the drainage basin versus periodic harvesting of excessive aquatic<\/p>\n

plant growths). In some cases, a combination of the two will be most useful.<\/p>\n

In a given<\/p>\n

case, the basic approach should be tied as closely as possible to the overall eutrophication<\/p>\n

management goals.<\/p>\n

Where possible, it usually is most effective to attempt to treat the underlying<\/p>\n

and most readily-controllable causes of eutrophication, rather than attempt<\/p>\n

merely to alleviate the symptoms. In most cases, this means reduction or elimination<\/p>\n

of the excessive nutrient inputs that stimulate the excessive growths of<\/p>\n

aquatic plants in the first place. This approach will work to eliminate the basic<\/p>\n

problem, and usually is the most effective strategy over the long term.<\/p>\n

Reduction of nutrient Inputs<\/h2>\n

The first control priority usually is to limit or reduce nutrient inputs to the waterbody<\/p>\n

from the sources in the drainage basin that contribute the largest quantities<\/p>\n

of the \u2018biologically available\u2019 forms of the nutrients (Rast and Lee, 1978,1983;<\/p>\n

Lee et al. 1980, Sonzogni et al. 1982). The control effort can be directed to both<\/p>\n

the point (\u2018pipeline\u2019) and\/or non-point (diffuse) nutrient sources in the drainage<\/p>\n

basin. For example, human and animal wastewaters contain large quantities of<\/p>\n

phosphorus and nitrogen, in chemical forms easily used by algae and other aquatic<\/p>\n

plants. Treatment to reduce the level of the nutrients in these wastewaters<\/p>\n

usually is a cost-effective approach to keep them from reaching surface waters<\/p>\n

O f course,<\/p>\n

the costs can vary, dependent upon such factors as the age of the plant, the degree<\/p>\n

of treatment and the population served<\/p>\n

sphorus and nitrogen are not the only nutrients needed by aquatic plants<\/p>\n

for growth.<\/p>\n

Further, reduction of the quantities of<\/p>\n

phosphorus in phosphate-containing detergents can be an effective supplemental<\/p>\n

measure, especially in areas where the removal of phosphorus at municipal<\/p>\n

wastewater treatment plants is not practised, or where there are a large number<\/p>\n

of septic tank disposal systems in a drainage basin.<\/p>\n

Another method of reducing nutrient inputs to a waterbody is to divert m u nicipal<\/p>\n

sewage wastewaters from the drainage basin of concern into a downstream<\/p>\n

basin. This latter method can be effective for the affected waterbody.<\/p>\n

However, it does not eliminate the basic problem; it merely shifts it to another<\/p>\n

waterbody which may or may not be more capable of handling it. There also are<\/p>\n

obvious social and political problems associated with this type of \u2018solution\u2019.<\/p>\n

A large number of nutrient control options also exist for non-point sources<\/p>\n

of nutrients in the drainage basin. These various measures exhibit a wide range<\/p>\n

of costs and effectiveness ( P L U A R G 1978a, Monaghan Ltd 1978, Skimin et al.<\/p>\n

1978, Monteith et al. 1981, Ryding and Rast 1989).<\/p>\n

In-Lake control measures<\/h2>\n

Some treatment measures can be applied directly in a lake or reservoir to attempt<\/p>\n

to alleviate the symptoms of eutrophication (Table 6). They also can be<\/p>\n

used to augment other treatment methods, or to provide temporary relief from<\/p>\n

eutrophication symptoms while a long-term control strategy is being formulated<\/p>\n

or implemented.<\/p>\n

Examples of in-lake methods include the harvesting of aquatic plants, the use<\/p>\n

of algicides, in-lake nutrient inactivation or neutralization, artificial oxygenation<\/p>\n

of bottom waters, dredging or covering of bottom sediments, increasing the<\/p>\n

water flushing or circulation rates, and \u2018biomanipulation\u2019 (Cooke et al. 1986,<\/p>\n

Ryding and Rast 1989). Although such measures usually are less effective over<\/p>\n

the long term than external nutrient control programmes, they do offer an effective<\/p>\n

means of combatting, at least temporarily, the negative impacts of eutrophication.<\/p>\n

simple approach for selecting<\/h2>\n

a eutrophication control programme<\/h2>\n

A logical sequence of decisions to be made by a water manager was outlined<\/p>\n

previously in Figure 1. It is pointed out here that the final decision on an appropriate<\/p>\n

control strategy should be a \u2018multi-judgement\u2019, based on the relevant social,<\/p>\n

technical, economical and ecological aspects. It is also very important to<\/p>\n

set up a responsive monitoring programme both for defining the necessary pretreatment<\/p>\n

condition of the waterbody and for properly evaluating the final outcome<\/p>\n

of the remedial measures enacted.<\/p>\n

Assess eutrophication problem,<\/h2>\n

define eutrophication goals<\/h2>\n

One must first determine the nature of the eutrophication problem and decide<\/p>\n

on the goals of a control programme. The eutrophication problem in a given<\/p>\n

situation may be excessive growths of algae and\/or macrophytes, decreased<\/p>\n

water transparency, hypolimnetic oxygen depletion and related fish kills, nutrient<\/p>\n

regeneration or water quality deterioration due to the regeneration of reduced<\/p>\n

chemicals, taste and odour problems in drinking water supply reservoirs,<\/p>\n

or a combination of these types of problems.<\/p>\n

.<\/h2>\n

Assess limiting nutrient<\/h2>\n

If a eutrophication control programme is necessary to achieve the desired water<\/p>\n

quality goals for a lake or reservoir, one can then assess the logical measures to<\/p>\n

take in a given situation.<\/p>\n

. Since an effective, long-term control measure is<\/p>\n

usually to control the external nutrient load, the next step is to determine the<\/p>\n

likely nutrient to be controlled.<\/p>\n

The trophic state of the waterbody must be considered in order to make a realistic<\/p>\n

estimate of the role of nitrogen and phosphorus as potential algal growthlimiting<\/p>\n

nutrients. The absolute concentrations of the biologically available nutrients<\/p>\n

are especially important in this assessment. As a rough rule-of-thumb, if<\/p>\n

the biologically available nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations decrease<\/p>\n

below approximately 20 ng N\/1 or 5 p.g P\/l, respectively, during an algal bloom<\/p>\n

peak, that nutrient is likely the limiting one. If both nutrients decrease below<\/p>\n

this value, both may be limiting.<\/p>\n

The simple stoichiometric atomic ratio between C : N : P of 106:16:1 in plankton<\/p>\n

cells (which corresponds to a mass ratio of approximately 40:7:1) has also<\/p>\n

proved to be useful in deciding whether nitrogen and\/or phosphorus is the nutrient<\/p>\n

most limiting to algal growth. Under the assumption that the ratio in algal<\/p>\n

cells reflects the relative proportion needed by algae for growth and reproduction,<\/p>\n

measurement of the quantities of these nutrients in the water column can<\/p>\n

be used to determine which nutrient is not present in the needed proportions.<\/p>\n

Ryding and Rast (1990) provide further information on this topic.<\/p>\n

Assess need for control of nitrogen<\/h2>\n

Even if nitrogen is not the limiting nutrient, it may be necessary to take measures<\/p>\n

to control nitrogen, if the critical concentration for drinking water supply is exceeded.<\/p>\n

Since drinking water supply is one of the principal uses of lakes and<\/p>\n

reservoirs, excess nitrate levels require a high priority in the context of the management<\/p>\n

of lakes and reservoirs. Control measures should be implemented as<\/p>\n

far as possible from the water treatment plant, and as close as possible to the nitrate<\/p>\n

sources. Obviously, the successful application of preventive measures<\/p>\n

presupposes that the principal sources in the drainage basin have been correctly<\/p>\n

identified.<\/p>\n

Assess alternative phosphorus control option.<\/h2>\n

Assess need for further (In-lake)<\/h2>\n

control measures<\/h2>\n

If the expected improvement in water quality and\/or trophic conditions from external<\/p>\n

phosphorus control measures will not be sufficient (based on model predictions<\/p>\n

or post-treatment monitoring) to achieve the eutrophication control<\/p>\n

goals, one can also consider in-lake control methods as supplemental measures.<\/p>\n

The expected water quality improvement, for example, following a phosphorus<\/p>\n

load reduction of 75-90 percent may still represent eutrophic conditions in some<\/p>\n

cases, especially in shallow waterbodies. Shallow waterbodies can be especially<\/p>\n

sensitive because their water mass is more susceptible to mixing by wind action,<\/p>\n

their algae biomass is more frequently present in the euphotic zone, etc.<\/p>\n

In such cases, one may consider such options as alterations in the lake basin<\/p>\n

morphometry (e.g. dredging) or initiation of in-lake nutrient control measures.<\/p>\n

Such measures can be very useful when the primary method of external nutrient<\/p>\n

control alone is either inadequate to achieve the goals, or is too expensive to be<\/p>\n

implemented in a given situation. In-lake controls (Table 9) include such<\/p>\n

measures as nutrient inactivation, hypolimnetic aeration, harvesting of macrophytes,<\/p>\n

application of algicides, etc. Biological controls (e.g. enhancement of<\/p>\n

certain food chain pathways by introduction or replacement of specific food<\/p>\n

chain organisms) may also be considered, although the long-term, ecological<\/p>\n

effects of this approach are largely unknown at present. sess effectiveness of control programme<\/p>\n

In most of the cases studied so far, economic optimization with respect to water<\/p>\n

quality is primarily concerned with control measures in three major areas: (1)<\/p>\n

nutrient source control in the watershed (external control); (2) temporal detention<\/p>\n

in the waterbody (internal control); and (3) treatment plants (off-line control),<\/p>\n

in the case of water used as a water supply.<\/p>\n

Post-treatment monitoring<\/h2>\n

In order to obtain sufficient information for a judicious selection of eutrophication<\/p>\n

control measures, extensive studies of the chemical and biological conditions<\/p>\n

of the waterbody of concern and its tributaries are usually required. Upon<\/p>\n

completion of such studies, after control measures have been planned and carried<\/p>\n

out, one may then conclude that further studies are not necessary. Such a<\/p>\n

conclusion is false. Even after eutrophication control programmes have been initiated<\/p>\n

(e.g. reducing the nutrient influx), post-treatment studies should be continued<\/p>\n

for at least several more years. This should be done to compare the condition<\/p>\n

of the waterbody before and after the start of eutrophication control<\/p>\n

measures, and to ascertain whether or not the results expected from model calculations<\/p>\n

have actually been achieved. Only then can one be certain whether or<\/p>\n

not (or to what degree) the corrective action taken was correct, and whether or<\/p>\n

not the monetary investment was a financially responsible one.<\/p>\n

This will also work to decrease the uncertainty of model predictions for future<\/p>\n

planning purposes.<\/p>\n

Post-treatment monitoring and evaluation also provide valuable information<\/p>\n

to others concerned with similar eutrophication management problems, and help<\/p>\n

guide future efforts<\/p>\n

Monitoring of eutrophication<\/h2>\n

Monitoring is useful if it is performed for a purpose.<\/p>\n

The monitoring objectives of \u2018water body\u2019 for monitoring a water body are:<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Prevention eutrophication.<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 To take necessity precautions before the crucial results that can be described as \u2018early warning purposes\u2019.<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 To get information about the situation of the water quality for handling the problems.<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Research.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/water\/water-nitrates\/pdf\/eutrophication.pdf<\/p>\n

Prevention25,26<\/h2>\n

The causes that drive eutrophication are multiple and<\/p>\n

the mechanisms involved are complex. Several elements<\/p>\n

should be considered in order to assess the<\/p>\n

possible actions aimed at counteracting nutrient<\/p>\n

enrichment of water supplies. The use of computerised<\/p>\n

models now allows a better understanding of the<\/p>\n

role of each factor, and forecasting the efficiency of<\/p>\n

various curative and preventive measures. The best<\/p>\n

way to avoid eutrophication is to try to disrupt those<\/p>\n

mechanisms that are under human control; this clearly<\/p>\n

means to reduce the input of nutrients into the water<\/p>\n

basins. Such a control unfortunately does not have a<\/p>\n

linear effect on the eutrophication intensity. Integrated<\/p>\n

management should comprise:<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Identification of all nutrient sources. Such information<\/p>\n

can be acquired by studies of the catchment<\/p>\n

area of the water supply. Knowledge of industrial<\/p>\n

activities, discharge practices and localization, as<\/p>\n

well as agricultural practices (fertilizer<\/p>\n

contribution\/plant use and localization of crops) is<\/p>\n

necessary in order to plan and implement actions<\/p>\n

aiming at limiting the nutrient enrichment of water.<\/p>\n

The identification of sewage discharge points, agricultural<\/p>\n

practices, the nature of the soil, the vegetation,<\/p>\n

and the interaction between the soil and the<\/p>\n

water can be of great help in knowing which areas<\/p>\n

should be targeted.<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Knowledge of the hydrodynamics of the water<\/p>\n

body, particularly the way nutrients are transported,<\/p>\n

and of the vulnerability of the aquifer, will allow determination<\/p>\n

of the ways by which the water is enriched<\/p>\n

with nutrients.<\/p>\n

Anthropogenic nutrient point sources such as nontreated<\/p>\n

industrial and domestic wastewater discharge<\/p>\n

can be minimized by systematic use of wastewater<\/p>\n

treatments. In sensitive aeras, industries and local<\/p>\n

authorities should control the level of nutrients in the<\/p>\n

treated wastewater by the use of specific denitrification<\/p>\n

or phosphorus removal treatments.<\/p>\n

Diffuse anthropogenic nutrient sources can be controlled<\/p>\n

by soil conservation techniques and fertilizer restrictions.<\/p>\n

Knowledge of the agronomic balance (ratio of<\/p>\n

fertilizer contribution to plant use) is very relevant to<\/p>\n

optimize the fertilization practice and to limit the loss of<\/p>\n

nutrients. Diffuse nutrient losses will be reduced by<\/p>\n

implementation at farm level of good practices such<\/p>\n

as:<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Fertilization balance, for nitrogen and phosphorus,<\/p>\n

e.g. adequation of nutrients supply to the needs of<\/p>\n

the crop with reasonable expected yields, taking into<\/p>\n

account soil and atmospheric N supply.<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Regular soil nutrients analysis, fertilization plans and<\/p>\n

registers at plot level.<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Sufficient manure storage capacities, for spreading<\/p>\n

of manure at appropriate periods.<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Green cover of soils during winter, use of \u201ccatchcrops\u201d<\/p>\n

in crop rotations.<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Unfertilized grass buffer strips (or broad hedges)<\/p>\n

along watercourses and ditches.<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Promotion of permanent grassland, rather than temporary<\/p>\n

forage crops.<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Prevention of erosion of sloping soils.<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Precise irrigation management (e.g. drip irrigation,<\/p>\n

fertilisation, soil moisture control).<\/p>\n

In coastal areas, improvement in the dispersion of<\/p>\n

nutrients, either through the multiplication of discharge<\/p>\n

points or through the changing of their localization,<\/p>\n

can help to avoid localized high levels of nutrients.<\/p>\n

Reuse and recycling, in aquaculture and agriculture,<\/p>\n

of waters rich in nutrients can be optimized in order to<\/p>\n

avoid discharge into the water body and direct<\/p>\n

consumption of the nutrients by the local flora and<\/p>\n

fauna.<\/p>\n

f21<\/h2>\n

Treatment of water bodies<\/h2>\n

affected by blooms<\/h2>\n

When a bloom affects a water body,<\/p>\n

preventative measures can be taken<\/p>\n

either to limit its spread over unaffected<\/p>\n

areas or to treat the contaminated<\/p>\n

areas.<\/p>\n

When the regulations of countries<\/p>\n

permit it, algicides can be used if no<\/p>\n

other solutions are available or efficient.<\/p>\n

Several algicides such as copper<\/p>\n

sulphate, chlorine and citrate copper<\/p>\n

are capable of killing algal and<\/p>\n

cyanobacterial cells. This will result in<\/p>\n

the release of their intracellular charge,<\/p>\n

including the undesirable toxin. This<\/p>\n

approach is radical and should be<\/p>\n

undertaken with caution. Algicide<\/p>\n

treatment of water bodies may result in<\/p>\n

adverse taste and odour of the affected<\/p>\n

water. Moreover, some of the algicides<\/p>\n

have undesirable environmental<\/p>\n

impacts which can lead to the selection<\/p>\n

of resistant species of algae or<\/p>\n

cyanobacteria. The efficiency of the<\/p>\n

algicide depends on the features of the<\/p>\n

water and especially the quality of the<\/p>\n

contact made between the product and<\/p>\n

the target. Examples of algicides<\/p>\n

include:<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Copper sulphate<\/p>\n

This has been frequently used due to its<\/p>\n

efficiency and low cost. Copper, which<\/p>\n

is not biodegradable, can accumulate in<\/p>\n

sediments and could in turn affect<\/p>\n

phytoplankton, macro-invertebrates or<\/p>\n

even fish directly or indirectly by<\/p>\n

depleting the available oxygen.<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Copper chelates such as copper<\/p>\n

citrate<\/p>\n

These can be used in hard and alkaline<\/p>\n

waters, where copper sulphate is less<\/p>\n

efficient.<\/p>\n

\u00e2\u20ac\u00a2 Oxidants such as chlorine or<\/p>\n

potassium permanganate.<\/p>\n

In many countries the use of algicides is<\/p>\n

prohibited or strictly limited. Where they<\/p>\n

are permitted care should be taken not<\/p>\n

to allow the use of the water supply for<\/p>\n

drinking water production, for animal<\/p>\n

watering or as a recreational site during<\/p>\n

the treatment and until the toxins are<\/p>\n

degraded. This can take several weeks.<\/p>\n

Algicides should be applied when the<\/p>\n

cell density is low to avoid a massive<\/p>\n

release of toxins, which generally<\/p>\n

appears between three and 24 hours<\/p>\n

after the treatment.<\/p>\n

If the bloom is well established,<\/p>\n

algicides could be the last option.<\/p>\n

These should only be used if the<\/p>\n

reservoir can be disconnected for<\/p>\n

several days.<\/p>\n

Reservoirs which frequently receive<\/p>\n

water from lakes have their intake<\/p>\n

system equipped with a possibility of a<\/p>\n

catchment at different depths, allowing<\/p>\n

an intake from uncontaminated areas of<\/p>\n

the water column.<\/p>\n

The Role Of Public Awareness<\/p>\n

Public involvement in developing an effective petrifaction, where it is feasible.<\/p>\n

Where it is feasible, public participation in developing an effective eutrophication<\/p>\n

control programme can be important, particularly with regard to lakes and<\/p>\n

reservoirs used extensively for recreational purposes. Many individuals may<\/p>\n

have experienced eutrophication-related problems in such waterbodies in the<\/p>\n

past, or else may have been exposed to media coverage of such problems. The<\/p>\n

result can be a \u2018collective memory\u2019 of poor water quality conditions in certain<\/p>\n

waterbodies, which can lead to a certain degree of public curiosity about<\/p>\n

lake\/reservoir management problems. Greater public awareness of water-related<\/p>\n

issues usually can be developed by making details of new eutrophication<\/p>\n

control programmes, and expected improvements<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Environmental problems that are related to high concentration nutrients. It is the process due to increment of algae productivity which affects adversely aquatic life and also human and animal health. It is mainly influenced by humankind activities that include agriculture and sewage effluent due to creating high amount of nutrients. Although the increased production may […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5834,9527],"tags":[8194,8193,8197,8196,8192,8195],"class_list":["post-67700","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-environmental-sciences","category-write-my-thesis-environmental-sciences","tag-best-essay-writing-website-for-phd-essays","tag-cheap-dissertation-writer-usa-and-uk","tag-custom-essay-and-assignment-writing-australia","tag-doctoral-dissertation-writing-service-china","tag-help-write-my-paper-ai-free-for-students","tag-online-thesis-writing-service-sample"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67700","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=67700"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67700\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67700"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=67700"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=67700"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}