{"id":74906,"date":"2022-05-12T01:46:53","date_gmt":"2022-05-12T01:46:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/essays.homeworkacetutors.com\/whistleblowing-types-and-justifications\/"},"modified":"2022-05-12T01:46:53","modified_gmt":"2022-05-12T01:46:53","slug":"whistleblowing-types-and-justifications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/whistleblowing-types-and-justifications\/","title":{"rendered":"Whistleblowing: Types and Justifications"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Introduction<\/h2>\n

Whistleblowing is the act of an attempt by an employee or former employee to confess the malpractice or iniquity<\/a> in or by an organisation. Nowadays, many companies have produced their own policies on \u201cwhistleblowing\u201d due to the presence of informers, snitches and sources who may disclose vital information for their own benefit or as an act of revenge towards the corporation they were previously part of.\u00a0 According to the UK government website, any wrong doing a whistle-blower discloses must be in the public interest. Which means it must affect others, e.g. the general public. Companies or organisation treating an employee differently or threat of losing the current job is prohibited as they will be protected by law. Concern for this matter can be raised at any time whether the incident has happened in the past, is happening now, or will happen in the future. In some occasional time it may look that raising a concern may be difficult. Employees are the people who initially catch sight of a problem and can resolve it if they feel safety in reporting it. They should also address any potential risks fraud, health and safety risk, corruption and any other such issues not only because of their own safety but also to prevent others being involve in such risk and contingency.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Types of whistleblowing<\/h2>\n

Whistleblowing
\naction can be external, internal, personal and impersonal. It is internal when
\nthe whistle-blower discover misconduct in the workplace and communicate to
\npeople higher up in the organization who then follows established procedures to
\naddress the misconduct within the organization.\u00a0External whistle-blowers
\nare employees who discover corporate misconduct and choose to bring it to the
\nattention of external parties, such as law enforcement agencies or the media.
\n(Weiss, 2006). \u00a0Effectiveness of
\nwhistleblowing likely varies, along with processes of retaliation, depending on
\nwhether whistleblowing is internal or external (Terry Dworkin, 1998). An
\nemployee\u2019s occupation in the organization likely impacts his or her choice of
\ninternal versus external channels for reporting wrong doing. <\/p>\n

New
\nemployers are more likely to come out as a whistle-blowers in most of the
\norganisations. During their work period they are less familiar with the
\nappropriate channels and the environment of the organisation which they are
\nworking for (Miceli and Near, 1992). Less information on the firm\u2019s goal is
\ndisclosed to them in order for them to blow the whistle internally. Comparatively
\nnew employees may rely on external reporting channels because they identify
\nthemselves to be organizationally powerless. They may have contributed less in
\nthe organization, and be less concerned with stopping wrong doing in the way
\nleast harmful to the organization (Kolarska and Aldrich, 1980). They have less
\nto lose because of their shorter tenure. Conversely, employees with longer
\ncontract in their organisation are more likely to feel some loyalty, leading
\nthem to use internal channels to report wrong doing.<\/p>\n

Justification on Whistleblowing <\/h2>\n

The
\nact of whistleblowing is not something to be done without any suitable or
\nacceptable justification. When blowing the whistle, consideration and certain
\napproaches are to be taken in which whistle-blowing is morally justified. There
\nare often personal obligations to family and others that may caught in an act
\nagainst whistleblowing. One could be in the situation where blowing the whistle
\ncould result in job loss. However, the situation may take an unfortunate event
\nand permanently blacklist an individual in his career, the sacrifice may become
\nmore than one\u2019s basic moral obligations require. (Schinzinger and Martin, 2000)<\/p>\n

As a
\nprofessional body, whistleblowing is morally honest and legal way to bring out
\nthe wrong doing in an organisation whether if they are big or small. It is
\nimportant to explain that every employee has a role in preventing and detecting
\nany wrong doings. However employees should consider or consult all the
\nalternatives and choices before blowing the whistle. The moral justification is
\nenforced if the whistle-blower has all relevant evidences and an understanding
\nof any consequences. Their responsibility in view of their role within the
\norganization should be clear. One should make sure that they have followed and
\napprehend the established procedures for whistleblowing, also that the repercussion
\nthat may cause inconveniences to other individuals. Whistle-blower\u2019s responsibility
\nin view of their role within the organization should be clear and should
\nprovide strong evidence that can convince an impartial observer.<\/p>\n

It
\nis also recommended that employers develop an internal complaint system in
\nwhich employees can report wrong doing. They may also credit employees for
\nusing the appropriate medium to investigate all wrong doings through superior
\nin an organisation. Although whistleblowing may be anonymous, if it is to be
\neffective it frequently requires not only that the whistle-blower reveal his or
\nher identity, but also that he or she seek ways of publicizing the wrong doing.
\nBecause this may make the whistle-blower appear a self-appointed messiah, it
\nprevents some people from speaking out. Detailed investigations may be more
\ndifficult, or even impossible, to progress if one choose to remain anonymous
\nand cannot be contacted for further information. In a journal by Kroll and
\nEgan, 2004, stated that to motivate an individual with a desire to do right,
\nnot wrong, the essential key is moral emotion. They also signifies that serving
\nas a potential gateway from good intentions to good actions, much of the
\nresearch in this domain has focused on negative valence and self-conscious
\nemotions, such as, guilt and shame (Kroll & Egan, 2004).<\/p>\n

The
\nresults from the above discussions support hypothesis that internal
\nwhistle-blowers were usually ineffective whistle-blowers, while external
\nwhistle-blowers often initiated investigations, helpful actions or other
\nchanges by the organization. Most ethicists agree whistleblowing is an ethical
\naction. According to the\u00a0Michael Davis, 1996\u00a0on whistleblowing, whistleblowing
\nis morally required when it is required at all. Engineer have a moral
\nobligation to prevent serious harm to others if they can do so with little
\ncosts to themselves. <\/p>\n

In
\nevery organisations or corporation from government organisations to business
\nestablishments around the world whistleblowing has become a very important
\nfollowed procedure. There has been heroic whistle-blowers world over. Ernest
\nFitzgerald and the C-5A, and Edward Snowden are few whistle-blowers who came
\nforward with what they though was a right approach to take. <\/p>\n

Ernest Fitzgerald and the C-5A:<\/h2>\n

On
\nNovember 13, 1968, Fitzgerald appeared before Senator William Proxmire\u2019s
\nSubcommittee on Economy in Government concerning C-5A. He testified that
\ncost-overruns on the CA transport plane could approximate $2 billion over the
\nperiod of 2years. For the reason that a giant cargo plane being built by
\nLockheed Aircraft Corporation for the Air Force. He also revealed that
\nunexpected technical difficulties had arisen during the development of the
\naircraft. He was pressured not to discuss the extent of the C-5A over-
\nResponsibilities runs before Senator Proxmire\u2019s committee.\u00a0 [Schinzinger and Martin 2000]<\/p>\n

After
\nthe allegation Fitzgerald\u2019s job was being eliminated by the Department of
\nDefence. Not until 4years of numerous court battle before federal courts, he
\nfinally won an injunction and was given order to the Air Force to rehire him
\nfor his formal position in 1981.<\/p>\n

Edward Snowden:<\/a><\/h3>\n

In the early June 2013, it was published that the US National Security Agency (NSA) was collecting the telephone records of tens of millions of Americans. The whistle-blower Edward Snowden who used to be a former contractor for the CIA leaked the information to the media<\/a> about unauthorised phone and internet surveillance by American Intelligence before he left the US soil and taking temporary asylum\u00a0in Russia (BBC, 2014). Still in exile, Snowden remained a polarizing figure.<\/p>\n

Conclusion:<\/h2>\n

There
\nis no denying the fact that whistle-blowers do a great service to the society
\nat their great risk and cost, even at the loss of life. Any individual can
\nraise concerns about any issue relating to suspected misconduct at work place,
\nrisk to any employees, abuse or wrong doing. If they have a reasonable
\ncertainty that the problem has taken place, is taking place or will presumably
\ntake place in the future. Employee may have doubt or may be frightened to raise
\na concern even when legal protection exists. Employees can be advised to raise
\na concern openly, confidentially or anonymously.<\/p>\n

They should be made aware of certain solution as to raise any concern as early as possible no matter how big the suspicion maybe, this allows the matter to be looked into promptly. Employers in any company are thought to be responsible for their actions and one way to do so is to encourage whistleblowing if wrong doing is witnessed. In conclusion, whistleblowing is an essential practice in any organisation which is very vital for them to protect from fraud, corruption and wrong doing. <\/p>\n

References<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • Weiss, W. Joseph. 2006. Business Ethics: A Stakeholder and Issues Management Approach, 4th Edition, Thomson South-Western.<\/li>\n
  • UK government website, 2017. Whistleblowing for employees. [Online]. [Accessed 16 Nov 2017]. Available from: [https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/whistleblowing]<\/li>\n
  • Terry Morehead Dworkin, Melissa S. Baucus, 1998. Internal vs. External Whistle-blowers: A Comparison of Whistleblowering Processes. Journal of Business Ethics, Kluwer Academic Publishers.<\/li>\n
  • Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. 1992.\u00a0Blowing the whistle: the organizational and legal implications for companies and employees. New York, Lexington Books. (pg. 117)<\/li>\n
  • Schinzinger and Martin Introduction to Engineering Ethics, (McGrah-Hill 2000), the section on whistleblowing in chapter 5 (pages 167-181.)<\/li>\n
  • BBC News. 2014. Edward Snowden: Leaks that exposed US spy programme. [Online]. [Accessed 16 Nov 2017]. Available from: http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-us-canada-23123964<\/li>\n
  • Kroll, J. and Egan, E. (2004). Psychiatry, Moral Worry, and the Moral Emotions.\u00a0Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 10(6), pp.352-360.<\/li>\n
  • Michael Davis, 1996. \u201cSome Paradoxes of Whistleblowing.\u201d Business & Professional Ethics Journal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Introduction Whistleblowing is the act of an attempt by an employee or former employee to confess the malpractice or iniquity in or by an organisation. Nowadays, many companies have produced their own policies on \u201cwhistleblowing\u201d due to the presence of informers, snitches and sources who may disclose vital information for their own benefit or as […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5810],"tags":[9845,5294,9887,9867,9888,9889,9890,9886,9885],"class_list":["post-74906","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-security","tag-1-dissertation-writing-service-in-uk","tag-bishops-writing-bureau","tag-cn","tag-create-a-paper-using-the-following-criteria","tag-homework-help-assignment-answers","tag-in-1050-word-essay","tag-in-a-4-to-6-page-essay","tag-in-a-page-paper-assignment","tag-write-an-essay-in-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74906","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74906"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74906\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74906"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=74906"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=74906"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}