{"id":74912,"date":"2019-12-23T07:51:34","date_gmt":"2019-12-23T07:51:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/essays.homeworkacetutors.com\/alternative-housing-strategies-for-asylum-seekers-in-greece\/"},"modified":"2019-12-23T07:51:34","modified_gmt":"2019-12-23T07:51:34","slug":"alternative-housing-strategies-for-asylum-seekers-in-greece","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/alternative-housing-strategies-for-asylum-seekers-in-greece\/","title":{"rendered":"Alternative Housing Strategies for Asylum Seekers in Greece"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"content position-relative mb-4\">\n<p><strong><em>Here to stay:<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>Finding a sustainable<br \/>\nalternative housing strategy for asylum seekers and refugees in Greece<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>1. Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>Over<br \/>\n60,000 refugees and asylum seekers are currently stranded in Greece as a result<br \/>\nof the closed northern border with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia<br \/>\n(FYROM), the building of fences, and the introduction of the EU-Turkey deal in<br \/>\nMarch 2016. Prior a transit country, as of April 2017, approximately 34,000<br \/>\npeople were living in official and informal sites in mainland Greece and 13,000<br \/>\non the islands. Due to the restrictions of the EU-Turkey deal, camps in in the islands<br \/>\nare operating at 150% capacity, a situation prolonged from poor capacity to<br \/>\ndeal with the sheer volume of applications. (UNHCR, 2017)<\/p>\n<p>To support the management of the refugee crisis in Greece, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/dissertation\/examples\/european-studies-examples\/eu-refugee-crisis.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">European Commission<\/a> approved an 80 million EUR programme, run by UNHCR, to provide 20,000 additional reception places for asylum seekers and relocation candidates in Greece and to support the establishment of some 7,000 places in the hotspot areas. (ECHO, 2016) In April 2017, approximately 15,000 asylum seekers eligible for relocation were living in UNHCR funded alternative accommodation, such as apartments and hotels.\u00a0 While the EU pledged a total of 66,400 asylum seekers to be relocated from Greece to EU member states until September 2017, as of today only 17% have been resettled. This has important implications for the accommodation scheme, which was established on the premise that as people relocated, empty units would be re-filled with people from the camps. <\/p>\n<p>As the country is struggling with the sheer volume of application, causing delays in the process which might take up to a year to reach completion, asylum seekers continue to live in the 45 camps around mainland Greece. (UNHCR, 2017)\u00a0 While the situation in camps has substantially improved in the past years, conditions as reported by various local and international NGOs, volunteers and occupants, remain substandard. (Action aid et al., 2016) Despite efforts from the Greek government to improve reception conditions, the government\u2019s capacity to provide basic services to the refugees is limited as it faces an extreme domestic economic crisis with 25% unemployment rates and more than 2.5 million of its own citizens living under the poverty line. The lack of existing domestic infrastructure on social housing and refugee accommodation reveals a shelter gap in need. <\/p>\n<p>This<br \/>\npolicy paper contributes to the Greek debate over alternative accommodation by<br \/>\nevaluating existing housing schemes to understand what organisational and<br \/>\ninstitutional factors inhibit or facilitate the provision of such alternative<br \/>\nshelter. Drawing from best practices in the country and abroad and considering<br \/>\nthe relative affordability and availability of private housing in the country,<br \/>\nit will make recommendations for a strategy to scale up housing in vacant<br \/>\napartments equally distributed by municipality. It should be noted that at the<br \/>\ntime of writing this policy paper, the UNHCR funded accommodation in private<br \/>\napartments was deemed to be a success and was extended for 2017. In April 2017,<br \/>\nMinister for Migration Policy Giannis Mouzalas announced the government\u2019s<br \/>\ncommitment to close 22 of the 45 camps currently operating in Greece and<br \/>\ntransfer asylum seekers to private apartments through the extension of the<br \/>\nUNHCR scheme. (Naftemporiki, 2017) With additional funds guaranteed from the<br \/>\nEU, the UNHCR committed to find another 20,000 places until by the end of 2018.\n<\/p>\n<p>The<br \/>\nstructure of the policy is as follows: section 2 describes the methodology,<br \/>\nsection 3 gives a background of the reception system and camp living in Greece,<br \/>\nsection 4 evaluates existing housing strategies in Greece and abroad through<br \/>\nselected case studies; section 5 analyses the Greek housing market, section 6<br \/>\nhighlights key lessons learned and section 7 concludes and makes<br \/>\nrecommendations for a longer term housing strategy for asylum seekers.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Methodology<\/h2>\n<p>This<br \/>\npolicy paper synthesizes information gathered through an analysis of the<br \/>\ncurrent housing opportunities for asylum seekers in Greece. Data was collected<br \/>\nthrough a variety of sources, such as the UNHCR, the Ministry of Migration, the<br \/>\nMunicipality of Athens and the Hellenic Statistical Authority. Information on<br \/>\nexisting housing projects in Greece and Athens was collected through face-to-face<br \/>\nand phone interviews with stakeholders from relevant organisations and desk<br \/>\nresearch. A couple of site visits were also conducted to refugee camps in the<br \/>\nAttika region, namely Elaionas and Elliniko. <\/p>\n<p>Recognised<br \/>\nas a tool in many social science studies, a case study research method was<br \/>\nselected as an appropriate tool to examine housing strategies at the micro<br \/>\nlevel and provide better insights into the detailed behaviours of the subjects<br \/>\nof interest, i.e. asylum seekers, local population and relevant stakeholders<br \/>\nfrom NGOs and local government. This study investigates a selection of 6 case<br \/>\nstudies representing different alternative accommodation schemes and evaluates<br \/>\ntheir strengths and weaknesses. A SWOT analysis is employed to evaluate the<br \/>\nstrengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the proposed policy<br \/>\nrecommendation.\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p>\u00a0A total of four<br \/>\ninterviews were undertaken. The following organisational representatives were<br \/>\ninterviewed as part of the case study research: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Antigone Kotanids,<em> Advisor for<br \/>\nInternational Relations and Migration Policy at the Mayor\u2019s Office<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Alexandra Zavvos, <em>Programme<br \/>\nOfficer at Solidarity Now <\/em><\/li>\n<li>Amalia Zeppou, <em>Vice Mayor for<br \/>\nCivil Society and Municipality Decentralisation<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Panayotis Tzannetakis, <em>Programme<br \/>\nOfficer Khora Athens<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Limitations of<br \/>\nresearch<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This<br \/>\nstudy was limited by the lack of household data, background and relocation<br \/>\nprospects of beneficiaries of the alternative accommodation projects. Due to<br \/>\nthe restricted access to the internal database of the UNHCR Accommodation for<br \/>\nRelocation project, the analysis could not include exact figures of accommodation<br \/>\nin hotels, apartments, or host families per municipality or region, nor could<br \/>\nit include a spatial distribution of the housing.\u00a0 Last but not least, there are several<br \/>\ndisadvantages in using a case study approach, most importantly that though<br \/>\nuseful as an exploratory tool, depending on the variation between the cases<br \/>\nselected, a systematic analysis may be limited. Furthermore, it is difficult to<br \/>\nreach a generalising conclusion (Zainal, 2007).<\/p>\n<h2>3. Background<\/h2>\n<h3>3.1 The Greek Reception System <\/h3>\n<p>Long<br \/>\ncriticised as inadequate, not least since the <em>M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece <\/em>ruling of the ECtHR, the large-scale<br \/>\narrivals of refugees put further pressure on the Greek Reception System. (Human<br \/>\nRights Watch, 2016) <\/p>\n<p>In<br \/>\nresponse to the refugee crisis, in April 2016, law 4375\/2016 created a single<br \/>\nMinistry of Migration Policy and provided the legal basis for the establishment<br \/>\nof different accommodation facilities. (Law 4375\/2016) To address the<br \/>\naccommodation needs of the thousands of refugees stranded in Greece following<br \/>\nthe closure of borders, the Hellenic army, with the help of EU funds, created a<br \/>\nnumber of temporary camps. The National Centre for Social Solidarity (EKKA) is<br \/>\nthe authority for the management of the official reception system and also<br \/>\nresponsible for the placement of applicants to reception facilities. While<br \/>\ndemand for accommodation increased 264% between 2015 and 2016, reception places<br \/>\nunder EKKA only increased 49%. (Greek Council for Refugees, 2017)<\/p>\n<p>While other countries in Western Europe make use of<br \/>\ntheir social housing agencies and properties to house refugees and asylum<br \/>\nseekers, Greece has no public-rented housing, neither at the central nor at the<br \/>\nlocal government level. Until 2012, the public sector Workers Housing Organisation<br \/>\n(WHO or in Greek, OEK) would offer a few dwellings for poor workers and<br \/>\nfamilies and was the main state housing policy instrument of the country.<br \/>\n(European Parliament, 1996) It was abolished under measures of \u201cstructural<br \/>\nreforms\u201d resulting from the memorandum signed by the Greek Parliament. (Law<br \/>\n4046\/12)<\/p>\n<p>As<br \/>\na result, since the beginning of the refugee crisis, the UNHCR, NGOs and<br \/>\ncivil society organisations stepped in through various ways to close this<br \/>\nshelter gap. The various housing projects will be discussed in detail in<br \/>\nsection 4.\u00a0 <\/p>\n<h3>3.2 Camp<br \/>\nliving in Greece <\/h3>\n<p>The<br \/>\nmajority of asylum seekers, approximately 47,000, are living in official and<br \/>\ninformal sites, state-run facilities, NGO accommodation or have self-settled in<br \/>\nmainland Greece and the islands. (UNHCR, 2017) A map indicating capacity and<br \/>\noccupancy of sites can be found in the Appendix.\u00a0 There are currently 45 refugee camps around<br \/>\nGreece and while some like Elaionas in the Attika region have upgraded into<br \/>\ncontainer type accommodation, others like Chersos in Northern Greece still have<br \/>\ntent accommodation. A survey carried out by the RRDB from camps around Athens, squats<br \/>\nand communities found that 80% of their respondents were unsatisfied with their<br \/>\nliving conditions. (Refugee Rights Data Project [RRDP], 2017) With reports of<br \/>\nwomen feeling unsafe, dirty toilets and roofs that leak, there is significant<br \/>\nevidence that the right to dignity in shelter does not meet required standards.<a href=\"#_ftn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> The<br \/>\npoor capacity of the camps to provide adequate living conditions is exacerbated<br \/>\nduring extreme weather conditions such as harsh winters and blistering hot<br \/>\nsummers. While situations vary greatly between camps, the pressures on family<br \/>\ndynamics, the substandard conditions and the temporary nature of camp living<br \/>\nall strengthen the argument for providing alternative accommodation.\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p>Inevitably,<br \/>\nthe housing conditions of refugees and asylum seekers play an important role in<br \/>\ntheir sense of security and belonging, and affect their access to healthcare,<br \/>\neducation and employment\u00a0 (Phillips,<br \/>\n2004). Moreover, housing conditions are likely to have an impact on community<br \/>\nrelations and integration prospects of refugees. International and voluntary<br \/>\norganisations, the EU and recently the government have recognised the<br \/>\nimportance of a policy driven approach for refugees\u2019 accommodation. In October<br \/>\n2016, a coalition of national and international NGOs called for a move to<br \/>\nlonger-term arrangements for accommodation that will allow people to \u201clive in<br \/>\ndignity, have greater control over their lives, positively engage with the host<br \/>\ncommunity and contribute to the local economy. (Action aid et al., 2016)<\/p>\n<h2>4. Alternative housing <\/h2>\n<p>To<br \/>\nidentify strategies that can overcome the challenges faced by local government,<br \/>\nNGOs and civil society in providing alternative shelter for asylum seekers and<br \/>\nrefugees in Greece, it is useful to provide a description of the current<br \/>\naccommodation schemes in place. The following section is separated into two<br \/>\nparts: first it provides an analysis of the various types of alternative<br \/>\naccommodation of the UNHCR project and second, it highlights innovative housing<br \/>\ninitiatives from Greece and abroad that can provide inspiration for<br \/>\nstakeholders involved in such projects. <\/p>\n<h3>4.1 UNHCR Accommodation for Relocation Project <\/h3>\n<p>UNHCR is the leading agency in charge of refugee accommodation outside the camp with the Accommodation for Relocation project. To achieve the goal of finding 20,000 reception places for asylum seekers eligible for relocation, UNHCR funds its partners to find reception places through various types of accommodation, such as hotels, apartments and host families. UNHCR partners include several local NGOs, such as Praksis, Solidarity Now, Iliaktida, and currently three municipalities, Athens, Thessaloniki and Livadia. As of April 2107, the UNHCR has 18,058 places through its Accommodation Scheme with an overall occupancy rate of 80%. (UNHCR 2017) 64% of those places are in apartments, 17% in hotels, 14% in buildings or sites, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/dissertation\/literature-review\/international-studies-literature-review\/unaccompanied-minors-entering-the-uk.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4% are places for unaccompanied minors<\/a> and 1% are in host families. To monitor the accommodation for relocation scheme and facilitate communication between the partners, UNHCR has established an internal database collecting information on type of accommodation, location and beneficiaries\u2019 characteristics. A report updating the targets for places found is published weekly, an example can be found in the Appendix. Ordered from most commonly used to least, the following section analyses selected case studies of accommodation for asylum seekers in Greece and evaluates strengths and weaknesses of each case.<\/p>\n<h4>4.1.1 Private apartments \u2013 Municipality of Athens<\/h4>\n<p><strong>How does it work?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As<br \/>\npart of the UNHCR Accommodation for Relocation Projects, partners find places<br \/>\nin apartments through the private market. As of April 2017, there are 11,699<br \/>\nplaces for beneficiaries in 1,876 apartments around Greece.\u00a0 The Municipality of Athens, through the<br \/>\nAthens Development and Destination Management Agency (ADDMA) took on the<br \/>\nimplementation of the accommodation scheme to rent 200 apartments to refugees,<br \/>\na number that was extended to 280. Providing up to 6 tenants per apartments,<br \/>\nrent per apartment is not to exceed 400 euros. Vacant apartments are found in<br \/>\ncollaboration with local boroughs with care to ensure the social cohesion of<br \/>\nthe city. While the majority of the apartments are found in the centre (6<sup>th<\/sup><br \/>\nborough), where there is greater supply of cheap properties, places are<br \/>\nscattered around the various boroughs of the municipality. As the boroughs of<br \/>\nthe municipality are all relatively close to the centre and have good public<br \/>\ntransport links, beneficiaries have good access to services. <\/p>\n<p>The<br \/>\nscheme by the Municipality operates under a triplet management and each<br \/>\napartment has a caseworker, an interpreter and an apartment manager, hired<br \/>\nexclusively for the purposes of this project and paid by EU funds. The apartment<br \/>\nmanager finds the apartments, takes care of the bills but is also there to<br \/>\nmonitor the transition of the families in the buildings. A municipality<br \/>\nofficial highlighted an example where the apartment manager was able to<br \/>\nsuccessfully smooth the concerns of neighbours who did not want refugees living<br \/>\nin their building. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Pros and Cons <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The<br \/>\nbiggest strength of the private apartment scheme is that it offers a solution<br \/>\nfor accommodation with a high degree of social mix between refugees and locals.<br \/>\nIn addition, money pours into to the local economy, not only through rents and<br \/>\nelectricity bills, but also as beneficiaries are given cash cards for food and<br \/>\nhygiene products that they spend on local stores and supermarkets. Moreover,<br \/>\nthe implementation of the programme enhanced the administrative capacity of the<br \/>\nMunicipality and the acquired know-how can have positive effects for future<br \/>\nprojects. <\/p>\n<p>However,<br \/>\nwhile the great degree of support beneficiaries receive ensures the smooth<br \/>\ntransition of their living situation, it is also not sustainable in the<br \/>\nlong-run as it is dependent on external funding that is set for one year. There<br \/>\nare also questions regarding whether other Municipalities in the country could<br \/>\neasily replicate such a scheme. While the Municipality of Athens benefits from<br \/>\nassigning the management of the scheme to the ADDMA, which is private and has<br \/>\ngreater degree of autonomy and flexibility, other Municipalities do not have<br \/>\nsuch agencies. Moreover, the Municipality of Athens has the advantage of being<br \/>\ngeographically small and having good transport links, something that ensures a<br \/>\ngood access to services for beneficiaries. <\/p>\n<h4>4.1.2. Hotel \u2013 Hotel Rovies in Evia <\/h4>\n<p><strong>How does it work? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Accommodation<br \/>\nin hotels for asylum seekers is acquired either through a direct lease from<br \/>\nUNHCR or through providing hotel vouchers to programme participants. As of<br \/>\nMarch 2017, there were 2,990 places for beneficiaries, in 39 hotels around<br \/>\nGreece. A positive example of hotel accommodation is the seaside Hotel Rovies<br \/>\nin Evia, which hosted 88 asylum seekers from Syria, Iraq, Eritrea and other<br \/>\ncountries. Matched with a willing hotelier, the owner of Hotel Rovies also took<br \/>\nit upon himself to create a welcoming and learning environment for the refugees<br \/>\nthat were hosted in his hotel. Language, swimming and theatre classes were<br \/>\navailable and there was an effort to engage with the locals. For example,<br \/>\nduring the Ramadan of June 2016, refugees provided Syrian food to local<br \/>\nresidents and refugee children decorated a school in the local village. (Al<br \/>\nArabiya, 2016) Though Hotel Rovies is an inspiring example of hotel<br \/>\naccommodation for refugees, not all hoteliers or communities were equally<br \/>\naccepting and willing to go the extra mile. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Pros\u2019 and Cons\u2019<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A<br \/>\nbenefit of accommodation of asylum seekers in hotels is that it is substantial<br \/>\nupgrade in living conditions from camps.\u00a0<br \/>\nAt the same time, leasing entire hotel structures has the advantage of<br \/>\nbeing able to house high numbers of asylum seekers. During the harsh winter of<br \/>\n2016, UNHCR leased hotels proved to be a great escape for refugees living in<br \/>\npoorly winterised camps. Moreover hotel living can maintain a sense of<br \/>\ncommunity and avoid the isolation that might result from apartment living. <\/p>\n<p>However,<br \/>\nthere are also several weaknesses in hotel accommodation, most notably that it<br \/>\npresents a temporary solution, due to the higher cost and the expected tensions<br \/>\nwith hotel-owners and locals as the tourist season takes off. At the same time,<br \/>\nhotel living does not allow refugees to regain normality in their lives. One of<br \/>\nthe main issues mentioned by refugees and NGO workers on sites is a lack of<br \/>\nkitchen facilities for refugees to cook. Mostly single women and children,<br \/>\nhotel living undoes the normal family dynamics, as often the number of children<br \/>\nexceeds the number of mothers.<a href=\"#_ftn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> Separated<br \/>\nfrom their husbands and subject to the dining schedule set up by catering service<br \/>\nwomen lose a lot of decision making and responsibility. <\/p>\n<h4>4.1.3 Hosting \u2013 Home for Hope \u2013 Solidarity Now<\/h4>\n<p><strong>How does it work? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As<br \/>\npart of the UNHCR Accommodation for Relocation scheme, the NGO Solidarity Now<br \/>\nimplements an innovative hospitality programme \u201cHome for Hope\u201d where asylum<br \/>\nseekers eligible for relocation are hosted by Greek families in Athens and<br \/>\nThessaloniki.\u00a0 Solidarity\u2019s \u201cHome for<br \/>\nHope\u201d initiative has benefited 800 asylum seekers, 600 of which had been hosted<br \/>\nin Athens. With integration being on everyone\u2019s mind, Solidarity Now advocates<br \/>\nthat hosting can present an opportunity to create bonds between locals and<br \/>\nrefugees and fight xenophobia by defeating stereotypes in an exhibition of<br \/>\n\u201csolidarity in action\u201d. The Home for Hope initiative pays hosts 75 euros per<br \/>\nperson and the stay of refugees does not exceed three months. Solidarity Now also<br \/>\nimplements a cash transfer project for the beneficiaries of its accommodation scheme.\n<\/p>\n<p>Faced<br \/>\nwith preconceived ideas of different cultural and gender norms, language and<br \/>\nreligion, Solidarity Now launched an award winning awareness campaign to touch<br \/>\nGreek homes and find willing hosts. The campaign included TV and radio spots<br \/>\ntransmitted as \u201csocial action\u201d messages from local channels, advertisements in<br \/>\nprint and online media, posters in the Athens metro and bus stations, a social<br \/>\nmedia campaign and even a big building installation on Panepistimiou, a major<br \/>\nAthens Street.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pros\u2019 and Cons\u2019 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The<br \/>\nbiggest strength of the hosting initiative in that it ensures the highest<br \/>\nsocial mix between asylum seekers and locals, leading the way to integration.<br \/>\nAt the same time, the prepaid card system boosts self-dignity and empowers<br \/>\ndecision-making among the beneficiaries, contributing to the smooth<br \/>\nco-habitation in Greek homes. The short length of stay of \u201cHome for Home\u201d makes<br \/>\nit more likely that Greek citizens will be willing to open their homes.<\/p>\n<p>However,<br \/>\nthe low cost of the programme is based on solidarity and though many Greek<br \/>\ncitizens have been willing to offer a home for asylum seekers, it is difficult<br \/>\nto get many participants. Moreover, while the short length of stay attracts a<br \/>\ngreater number of hosts and can benefit asylum seekers who already know their<br \/>\nrelocation date, it does not offer a longer-term solution.<\/p>\n<h4>4.1.4 Alternative sites \u2013 A suburban complex in Agia Eleni, Epirus <\/h4>\n<p><strong>How does it work? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In<br \/>\naddition to apartments, hotels and hosting UNHCR is also setting up alternative<br \/>\naccommodation sites for relocation and non-relocation candidates. An<br \/>\ninteresting example is the refurbishment of the out of use Agia Eleni orphanage<br \/>\nin Ioannina in Northern Greece that will host approximately 500 asylum seekers<br \/>\ncurrently living in hotels and camps in the area. The building complex is built<br \/>\ninside a fenced area of approximately 40 acres, opposite the Ioannina airport.<br \/>\nThe site has 21 buildings and it used to be an orphanage for vulnerable<br \/>\nchildren. The complex was operational up to 2005, after which the buildings were<br \/>\nleft vacant. Owned by the state, once agreements were finalised between the<br \/>\nlocal Municipality and Ministry of Interior, the site offered a unique<br \/>\nopportunity to explore the establishment of an innovative housing project. <\/p>\n<p>UNHCR<br \/>\nissued a call for proposals to refurbish the site, construction began in late<br \/>\n2016 and first refugee families are expected to move in May 2017. Until the<br \/>\nrefurbishment is complete 50 dwellings have been set up around the site to host<br \/>\napproximately 250 asylum seekers. The proposed refurbishment of the site will<br \/>\ninclude accommodation facilities, with separate accommodation for people with<br \/>\ndisabilities, a kiosk, a communal kitchen and dining space, a sports facilities<br \/>\nand even a theatre among others. (UNHCR, 2016) Low down buildings, with common<br \/>\nspace inside and outside in nature for children to play and residents to<br \/>\nsocialise, the complex presents an interesting case study of the design of a<br \/>\nsuburban complex. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Pros and cons<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>One<br \/>\nof the main strengths of this housing project is that the structure will be a<br \/>\nmore permanent solution that will be put to social use after the asylum seekers<br \/>\nare relocated to other countries or more permanent accommodation. The various<br \/>\ncommunal spaces emphasize interaction between residents, while the location in<br \/>\nnature allows children to play in a safe environment. Though residents will not<br \/>\nhave their own kitchen, the communal kitchen can possibly be used by families<br \/>\ntogether or interchangeably at decided times. <\/p>\n<p>However,<br \/>\nthe isolated location of the complex and the lack of interaction between<br \/>\nrefugees and locals might lead to a perceived ghettoization of the site. For<br \/>\nthis reason it is important to accompany each settlement with concrete actions<br \/>\nto increase social mix between locals and asylum seekers.\u00a0 <\/p>\n<h4>4.1.5 Analysis of UNHCR Accommodation for Relocation Scheme <\/h4>\n<p>By<br \/>\nthe end of the pilot year, the UNHCR Accommodation for Relocation scheme was<br \/>\ndeemed to be a success and with additional funds guaranteed from the EU, it committed<br \/>\nto find another 20,000 places until by the end of 2018. However, as relocation<br \/>\nlagged and NGOs, state and non-state actors competed for housing in the<br \/>\ncountry, several issues regarding the scheme were brought to the<br \/>\nforefront.\u00a0 Some of the issues with the<br \/>\nUNHCR scheme that came up from interviews with stakeholders and research from<br \/>\nopinion articles and media platforms were that: <\/p>\n<p>a) the eligibility for relocation criteria sometimes<br \/>\ndistorted the asylum process,<\/p>\n<p>b) the vulnerability definition led to the systematic<br \/>\nexclusion of certain groups such as young single men<\/p>\n<p>c) the lack of transparency when it came to the<br \/>\nselection of beneficiaries created tensions between asylum seekers, UNHCR and<br \/>\nNGOs<\/p>\n<p>d) the cost of the scheme coupled with the delays in<br \/>\nrelocation of candidates render it not sustainable in the long term.\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p>In<br \/>\nthe beginning, the eligibility for relocation criteria led to the exclusion of<br \/>\ncertain ethnic groups, such as Iraqis. At the same time, it created incentives<br \/>\nfor asylum seekers to apply for relocation, instead of family reunification.<br \/>\nHowever, as the programme was implemented, the eligibility criteria became more<br \/>\ninclusive and flexible; officially called \u201caccommodation for relocation\u201d it<br \/>\nalso included beneficiaries under family reunification, Afghans and vulnerable<br \/>\nasylum seekers. <\/p>\n<p>The<br \/>\nUNHCR is responsible for identifying refugees eligible for the relocation programme,<br \/>\ncarrying out an assessment against its own vulnerability criteria. Resettlement<br \/>\nofficers select and interview those to be suitable for resettlement, ho are<br \/>\nthen referred to be part of the scheme. Though vulnerability as defined by<br \/>\nUNHCR includes all asylum seekers and refugees, for the purposes of this<br \/>\nprogramme there was a further separation of asylum seekers based on their<br \/>\ndegree of vulnerability, i.e. single women with children. As families were the<br \/>\nmain beneficiaries of the accommodation scheme, certain groups such as single<br \/>\nmen were systematically excluded from the opportunity of being in alternative<br \/>\nhousing. This created tensions, as male migrants were more likely to seek<br \/>\nhousing alone from the private market, ending up in the streets, vacant<br \/>\ndwellings or overpriced rough accommodations in the Greek cities. <\/p>\n<p>UNHCR<br \/>\npartners had no role in the selection of beneficiaries for the programme, which<br \/>\ncreated tensions between asylum seekers, partners and the UNHCR. Often the<br \/>\nselection of beneficiaries from camps would lead to a proliferation of rumours<br \/>\nand conflict would ensue within communities. Moreover, as the UNHCR pushed on<br \/>\nto meet its promises of emptying certain refugee camps and meet its targets,<br \/>\npartners would struggle to accommodate the beneficiaries. <\/p>\n<p>Last<br \/>\nbut not least, though the cost per person of providing housing for asylum<br \/>\nseekers outside of camps is lower than accommodation in refugee camps, it is a<br \/>\nstill a project with substantial costs. Beyond rent, bills and cash cards, the<br \/>\nEU funded programme supports caseworkers, interpreters and apartment managers.<br \/>\nThough the funding was extended until 2018, relocation still does not meet the<br \/>\nrequired targets and as the situation prolongs there is a need to find<br \/>\nalternative sources of funding that could maintain such as scheme in the long<br \/>\nrun. <\/p>\n<h3>4.2\u00a0 Inspiring initiatives housing initiatives from Greece and abroad <\/h3>\n<p>Beyond<br \/>\nofficial state-run facilities, NGOs and the UNHCR Accommodation for Relocation<br \/>\nscheme, unknown figures of undocumented migrants live outside of camps or<br \/>\nofficial accommodation sites, such as in squats, the streets or apartments<br \/>\naround the city. According to UNHCR assessments, some 2,600 migrants live in<br \/>\nsquats in Athens and other cities and another 1,100 in city parks or squares.<br \/>\n(Kathimerini, 2017) Civil society has shown tremendous innovation and<br \/>\nsolidarity in helping refugees live with dignity and find a sustainable solution<br \/>\nthat could work for all. The following section highlights two examples of<br \/>\nhousing projects that are based on the principles of community engagement, the<br \/>\nCiti Plaza squat in Athens and Finding Places, a collaborative project using<br \/>\ntechnology to engage citizens in finding urban housing for refugees in Hamburg.\n<\/p>\n<h4>4.2.1 Squats \u2013 City Plaza Athens <\/h4>\n<p><strong>How does it work?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>City<br \/>\nplaza is a self-organised housing project for homeless refugees in the centre<br \/>\nof Athens that accommodates 400 people. (Squire, 2016) City Plaza is a 7-floor<br \/>\nabandoned hotel that had been unused for 7 years until it was squatted by<br \/>\nactivists and refugees in late April 2016. Based on principles of<br \/>\nself-organisation and autonomy it depends entirely on political and monetary<br \/>\nsupport from within Greece and abroad. It was occupied by activists of the<br \/>\nSolidarity Initiative to the Economic and Political Refugees, a coalition of<br \/>\nanti racist and leftist groups and individuals, following the introduction of<br \/>\nthe EU Turkey deal.\u00a0 Amongst the residents<br \/>\nare 22 single parent families and people from disabilities, of various<br \/>\nnationalities such as Afghans, Kurds, Syrians, Palestinians, Iranians, Iraqis,<br \/>\nPakistanis and others. Each family lives in a separate room and they are all<br \/>\nprovided with three meals a day and hygiene products. Based on principles of<br \/>\nself-organisation, residents, activists and volunteers form into working groups<br \/>\nfor cleaning, cooking, security, logistics, education, childcare, medical care,<br \/>\nmedia work and reception among others. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Pros and cons<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Unlike<br \/>\nthe UNHCR accommodation scheme, people at the City Plaza, are not selected on<br \/>\nthe basis of nationality or vulnerability status. People accommodated on site<br \/>\nwere not chosen according to whether they qualified for relocation and the grounds<br \/>\nfor seeking asylum were not scrutinised. With effort placed on ensuring a mix<br \/>\nof nationalities, gender balance and combination of religious beliefs, City<br \/>\nPlaza placed value in the solidarity exhibited for diversity and inclusion.<br \/>\nFurthermore, self-organised management of the accommodation, from<br \/>\ndecision-making to actual maintenance, proved to be an effective strategy for<br \/>\ncommunity building. At the same time, clear rules of engagement fostered<br \/>\nrespect and further enhanced the feeling of community, paramount for refugees<br \/>\nfleeing war. <\/p>\n<p>However,<br \/>\nCity Plaza is difficult to scale up and even more difficult to be replicated as<br \/>\na model by Government agencies. Selecting asylum seekers based on the<br \/>\nestablished criteria of eligibility for relocation, or vulnerability presents a<br \/>\ncertain transparency to the system, which City Plaza does not. Nonetheless,<br \/>\nconsidering the many abandoned buildings in Athens and other cities around<br \/>\nGreece, there are opportunities to learn lessons to foster collective living<br \/>\nsimilar to City Plaza. <\/p>\n<h4>4.2.2 Finding places \u2013 Hamburg <\/h4>\n<p><strong>How does it work? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In<br \/>\n2015, the city of Hamburg was projected to accept 80,000 refugees by the end of<br \/>\nthe year and was faced with the challenge of providing decentralised<br \/>\naccommodation for asylum seekers that would also lead to successful<br \/>\nintegration. (Noyman, 2016)\u00a0 Finding<br \/>\nPlaces is a collaborative project run by the CityScience Lab at Hafencity<br \/>\nUniversity and the city of Hamburg in partnership with MIT aiming to find<br \/>\nsuitable areas for 20,000 places for asylum seekers. By using an array of<br \/>\ntechnological tools (e.g. computer vision, 3D projection mapping) GIS data is<br \/>\nused to create LEGO-tized 3D representations of existing urban areas in<br \/>\nHamburg. (Games for Cities, 2017) Capable of running real-time simulations that<br \/>\ncan show the impact of adding, removing or moving urban services, Finding<br \/>\nplaces provides analog-digital interface that encourages non-expert<br \/>\nparticipation in \u201cprototyping urban interventions\u201d. Hamburg citizens are<br \/>\ninvited to participate in workshops and search for suitable areas for refugee<br \/>\nhousing. These workshops are held in cooperation with refugees coordinating<br \/>\nstaff and the Senate Chancellery of the City of Hamburg. (Finding Places, 2017)<br \/>\nParticipants are then able to discuss suitable areas in their district and can<br \/>\ndevelop proposals that are then passed on to the city together with comments<br \/>\nand the recommendations for the number of places to be created. Following the<br \/>\npublic discussion of the results, the respective district offices inform citizens<br \/>\nand district councils about the specific development proposals for the<br \/>\nsuggested areas. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Pros and cons <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Finding<br \/>\nplaces is an inspiring example of the use of technology in finding innovative<br \/>\nsolutions for housing. The use of LEGOS to map prospective developments enables<br \/>\nanyone to participate in the building of models and is a great tool for<br \/>\ncommunity engagement bringing together interested citizens, experts and<br \/>\nprofessional to work together using a common language. The collaborative nature<br \/>\nof the project creates a transparency in the decision making process, valuing<br \/>\nthe input of citizens. <\/p>\n<p>However,<br \/>\nin reality after 34 workshops with about 400 citizens and a process that cost<br \/>\nseveral hundred thousand euros, Finding Places was only able to find six areas<br \/>\nthat could be developed equalling to about 750 places for refugees. (Woldin,<br \/>\n2016)\u00a0 There were also criticisms, that<br \/>\nmembers of citizens\u2019 initiatives from districts that voted against such<br \/>\ndevelopments were excluded from the workshops. <\/p>\n<h2>5. An<br \/>\ninviting housing market<\/h2>\n<p>There<br \/>\nis no one size fits all in accommodating refugees in cities. Each city works<br \/>\nwith its own housing stock, culture and social and political infrastructure.<br \/>\nHowever, the Greek housing market presents a unique opportunity as an \u201coutlier\u201d<br \/>\nof the European markets. As seen in graph 1, during the period 2010-2015, the<br \/>\nGreek house prices displayed the greater decline among OECD countries. While<br \/>\nnominal house prices saw on average an 8% increase across OECD countries,<br \/>\nnominal house prices in Greece dropped by 34%. (OECD, 2016)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Graph 1. % Change in<br \/>\nNominal House Price Index. <\/strong><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-98080\" sizes=\"(max-width: 531px) 100vw, 531px\" src=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/nominal.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/nominal.jpg 531w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/nominal-300x203.jpg 300w\"><figcaption>Source: OECD <\/figcaption><\/img><\/figure>\n<p>Not<br \/>\nonly are housing prices low and relatively affordable, there is also a big<br \/>\navailability of vacant properties. Approximately 35% of dwellings in the<br \/>\ncountry are vacant. (ELSTAT, Census 2011) Only 5% of the vacant dwellings do<br \/>\nnot have a bathroom in the property, indicating that they though some might<br \/>\nneed refurbishment, they are suitable for habitation. As seen in table 1, this<br \/>\npercentage is more or less the same for every region in the country. This<br \/>\ndistribution suggests that it would be possible to offer decentralised housing<br \/>\nfor asylum seekers across mainland Greece. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Table 1. % of vacant dwellings across Greek Regions,<br \/>\n2011 <\/strong><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-98081\" sizes=\"(max-width: 545px) 100vw, 545px\" src=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/table-1-3.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/table-1-3.jpg 545w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/table-1-3-300x261.jpg 300w\"\/><\/figure>\n<p>The<br \/>\nrelative affordability and availability of private property in Greece presents<br \/>\nan opportunity for the rental market. The decreased demand for housing brought<br \/>\non by the recession; coupled with the oversupply of vacant properties, present<br \/>\nan opportunity for urban accommodation for refugees and asylum seekers. On the<br \/>\none hand the costs for housing will be low and on the other hand, the increased<br \/>\ndemand can have significant positive impact on the housing market and provide<br \/>\nmuch needed income for Greek homeowners as Greece has one of the highest<br \/>\npercentages of home ownership in Europe. Over 70% of Greeks own their house,<br \/>\nwhile less than a quarter rent. (ELSTAT, Census 2011) <\/p>\n<h2>6. 10 Lessons Learned<\/h2>\n<p>Looking back<br \/>\nat the various accommodation types analysed and looking at the Greek housing<br \/>\nmarket, we can infer some policy implications that will be paramount for<br \/>\ncrucial for developing a housing strategy that can be mutually beneficial for<br \/>\nall stakeholders involved such as asylum seekers, local populations, and state<br \/>\nand non-state actors. <\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>It is crucial to have<br \/>\na harmonized and transparent system of selection of refugees that receive<br \/>\nalternative accommodation.<\/li>\n<li>Housing initiatives<br \/>\nneed to address the varied expectations and needs of different refugee groups,<br \/>\nsuch as families or singles.<\/li>\n<li>The Greek housing<br \/>\nmarket presents a unique opportunity for refugee accommodation due the relative<br \/>\naffordability and availability of private property. <\/li>\n<li>Accommodation through<br \/>\nthe private market can benefit the local economy though rents, bills and<br \/>\nrefugee spending on local stores.<\/li>\n<li>The biggest challenge<br \/>\nfor urban housing is to avoid segregated enclaves of asylum seekers that may<br \/>\nlead to tensions with local populations and increased xenophobia. <\/li>\n<li>To address this<br \/>\nchallenge, organisations implementing housing projects need to have strong ties<br \/>\nwith the local community and a good understanding of the urban and social<br \/>\ntypologies. <\/li>\n<li>It is important to<br \/>\nfoster a sense of community for refugees transitioning from camp living to<br \/>\nalternative accommodation and to promote social interaction between locals and<br \/>\nrefugees.<\/li>\n<li>Cities should take<br \/>\nadvantage of the expanded role of civil society in providing assistance and<br \/>\nexhibiting solidarity to refugees and asylum seekers.<\/li>\n<li>Technology can be a<br \/>\ngreat tool for community engagement in the housing project <\/li>\n<li>There is no one size<br \/>\nfits all: civil society organisations, NGOs and local government need to<br \/>\nestablish a network of collaboration and knowledge sharing to create housing<br \/>\nopportunities. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>7. Recommendations <\/h2>\n<p>Drawing from the best of each case presented and<br \/>\ntaking into account the lessons learned, this study proposes<strong> a scaling up of small scale housing in<br \/>\nvacant apartments equally distributed by Municipality. <\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>7.1 SWOT ANALYSIS <\/h3>\n<p>A SWOT analysis is employed to assess the strengths<br \/>\nand weaknesses of the internal characteristics of the suggested strategy and<br \/>\nthe opportunities and limitations presented by external factors. <\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-98082\" sizes=\"(max-width: 554px) 100vw, 554px\" src=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/swot-analysis.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/swot-analysis.jpg 554w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/swot-analysis-300x288.jpg 300w\"\/><\/figure>\n<h3>7.2 Policy implementation<\/h3>\n<p>For the implementation of the housing strategy a<br \/>\nnumber of recommendations are given along four themes: a) the Municipalities\u2019<br \/>\nleading role, b) the rational distribution of asylum seekers, c) the role of<br \/>\ncommunity engagement, d) the important of social mix for integration. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Leading role of the<br \/>\nmunicipalities in housing refugees and asylum seekers <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Local government,<br \/>\nsecuring funding from EU sources and the UNHCR, should take the lead in the<br \/>\nimplementation of the housing project, <\/strong>and aim to gradually find places for all asylum<br \/>\nseekers currently living in refugee camps in mainland Greece. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>The country\u2019s <strong>municipalities<br \/>\nshould join the institutions and the decision-making processes for the<br \/>\nmanagement and integration of refugee populations.<\/strong> This is a prerequisite<br \/>\nto achieve effective coordination on the basis of mutual trust between the<br \/>\nauthorities operating at the local, national and regional level. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Rational distribution<br \/>\nof refugees across municipalities <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The distribution of<br \/>\nrefugees in the municipalities of the country should be rationally agreed<br \/>\nbetween all parties <\/strong>involved and take into account the administrative capacity of the<br \/>\nmunicipalities to undertake effective integration actions. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Some <strong>indicative criteria for a<br \/>\ndecentralised distribution include<\/strong>: population statistics, urban typology<br \/>\n(urban, semi-rural, rural), financing possibilities, main economic activities<br \/>\nand unemployment statistics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Care should be taken to <strong>match<br \/>\nasylum seeker skills and demographics with the characteristics of the local<br \/>\npopulation and economy. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Asylum seekers who<br \/>\nhave applied for asylum in Greece<\/strong> or who are not eligible for relocation<strong> should be placed in housing that could<br \/>\ntransition into longer term accommodation to improve integration prospects <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Community engagement<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Municipalities <strong>should reach out<br \/>\nto local civil society organisation<\/strong>s, seek advice for the first phases of<br \/>\nreception and integration of refugees. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>To ensure support from local populations, <strong>municipalities should engage in an informational campaign that<br \/>\nemphasizes the positive contributions to the local economy. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Technology and social<br \/>\nmedia can be used<\/strong> by local government, NGOs, and civil society organisations<strong> to encourage participatory and transparent<br \/>\ndecision making<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Integration &amp;<br \/>\nSocial interaction<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To safeguard the social cohesion of the community, <strong>the municipality should collaborate with civil society organisations to<br \/>\nsupport the needs of the local population <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>To promote integration e<strong>mphasis<br \/>\nshould given to provide language learning services, child care, educational<br \/>\nactivities for youth and vocational training. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>To promote social interaction,<strong><br \/>\npublic spaces should be utilised for cross-cultural events<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Bibliography<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Action aid et al. (2016). <em>More than six months stranded \u2013 What now? A joint policy brief on the situation for displaced persons in Greece<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/More%20than%20Six%20Months%20Stranded%20-%20What%20Now%20-%20English%20final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/reliefweb.int<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Al Arabiya. (2016, December 11). Greek businessman open his own hotel to suffering refugees. <em>Al Arabiya<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.english.alarabiya.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.english.alarabiya.net<\/a> <\/li>\n<li>European Commission, ECHO. 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(2017, April 10). \u0393. \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03b6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2: \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 [G. Mouzalas. Refugee resettlement programme in apartments]. <em>Naftemporiki<\/em>. w<a href=\"http:\/\/www.naftemboriki.gr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ww.naftemboriki.gr<\/a>\u00a0 <\/li>\n<li>Noyman, A. (2016, April 24). Urban modelling for refugees in Hamburg [Web blog post]. <em>Changing Places<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/cp.media.mit.edu\/blog\/47jn7w5659tdzh9jefrahnf38khk5m\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/cp.media.mit.edu\/blog\/47jn7w5659tdzh9jefrahnf38khk5m<\/a> <\/li>\n<li>OECD. (2016). Analytical house price indicators. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/stats.oecd.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/stats.oecd.org<\/a> <\/li>\n<li>Phillips, D. (2006). Moving towards Integration: The Housing of Asylum Seekers and Refgugees in Britain.<em> Housing Studies, 21(4)<\/em>, 539-553. <\/li>\n<li>PricewaterhouseCoopers [PWC]. (2016). The Greek Housing Market. <em>PWC.<\/em> Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pwc.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.pwc.com<\/a>. <\/li>\n<li>Refugee Rights Data Project. (2017). Hidden Struggles: Filling information gaps regarding adversities faced by refugee women in Europe. <em>RRDP.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Squire, V. (2016, August 16). Welcome to City Plaza, Athens: a new approach to housing refugees. <em>The Conversation<\/em>. Retrieved on March 25 from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.theconversation.com<\/a> <\/li>\n<li>United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Sites in Greece. Retrieved 4 April, 2017 from <a href=\"https:\/\/rrse-smi.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/MapSeries\/index.html?appid=d5f377f7f6f2418b8ebadaae638df2e1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/rrse-smi.maps.arcgis.com\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>UNHCR sites<\/li>\n<li>UNHC Accommodation update<\/li>\n<li>United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2016) Annex B \u2013 Description &amp; Drawings: Request for quotation for the provision of technical assessment in Aghia Eleni Camp. <em>Thessaloniki Chamber of Commerce and Industry.<\/em>retreived 4 April, 2017 from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ebeth.gr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.ebeth.gr<\/a> <\/li>\n<li>Woldin, Philipp. (2016, September 15). Wollen wir f\u00fcr Fl\u00fcchtlinge B\u00e4ume f\u00e4llen? [Shall we cut down trees for refugees?]. <em>Welt.<\/em> Retrieved 4 April, 2017 from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.welt.de\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.welt.de<\/a>. <\/li>\n<li>Zainal. (2007). Case study as a research method. <em>Jurnal Kemanusiaan<\/em>, bil 9. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>9. Appendix <\/h2>\n<p>Refugee<br \/>\nand asylum seekers site map in Greece <\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-98083\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" src=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/map.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/map.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/map-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/map-768x576.jpg 768w\"\/><\/figure>\n<p>Weekly<br \/>\naccommodation &amp; relocation update public report<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-98084\" sizes=\"(max-width: 724px) 100vw, 724px\" src=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/report-724x1024.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/report-724x1024.jpg 724w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/report-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/report-768x1086.jpg 768w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/report.jpg 827w\"\/><\/figure>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> Only 54% reported that they had their own bed to sleep on, while<br \/>\nsubstantial majorities reported they did not have access to hot water to shower<br \/>\nwith nor a secure lock in their lodgings. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> A hotel in Giannena run by Solidarity Now<br \/>\nhosted 25 women and 70 children. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here to stay:Finding a sustainable alternative housing strategy for asylum seekers and refugees in Greece 1. Introduction Over 60,000 refugees and asylum seekers are currently stranded in Greece as a result of the closed northern border with the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), the building of fences, and the introduction of the EU-Turkey deal [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9893],"tags":[9845,5294,9887,9867,9888,9889,9890,9886,9885],"class_list":["post-74912","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-housing-examples","tag-1-dissertation-writing-service-in-uk","tag-bishops-writing-bureau","tag-cn","tag-create-a-paper-using-the-following-criteria","tag-homework-help-assignment-answers","tag-in-1050-word-essay","tag-in-a-4-to-6-page-essay","tag-in-a-page-paper-assignment","tag-write-an-essay-in-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74912","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74912"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74912\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74912"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=74912"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=74912"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}