{"id":74976,"date":"2020-01-20T05:08:11","date_gmt":"2020-01-20T05:08:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/essays.homeworkacetutors.com\/effectiveness-of-art-therapy-for-ptsd-treatments\/"},"modified":"2020-01-20T05:08:11","modified_gmt":"2020-01-20T05:08:11","slug":"effectiveness-of-art-therapy-for-ptsd-treatments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/effectiveness-of-art-therapy-for-ptsd-treatments\/","title":{"rendered":"Effectiveness of Art Therapy for PTSD Treatments"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Abstract<\/h3>\n

Veterans are susceptible to suffering PTSD mainly because of the trauma they experience during combat duties. The serious nature of this mental illness advocates for establishing effective treatment options. Art therapy is an alternative therapeutic treatment option that is less evasive compared to traditional therapeutic methods. In this research, the study analyzes the effectiveness of art therapy<\/a> in reducing symptoms of PTSD. The study involves observing a group of 50 veterans in group art therapy for two months. Results obtained from the study indicated positive reviews for art therapy from participants. This, therefore, showcases the effectiveness of art therapy in treating PTSD.<\/p>\n

The effectiveness of art therapy in treating veterans with PTSD<\/h3>\n

Approximately 22 veterans are reported to commit suicide every day
\nin the United States. Veterans are often left with memories of battles which in
\nturn present postwar symptoms that are commonly known as a post-traumatic
\ndisorder or commonly referred to as PTSD. PTSD is one of the leading causes of
\nthe steady increase in suicide rates among veterans and this showcases the
\nimportance of finding effective treatment options. PTSD affects thousands of
\nveterans in the United States especially from veterans from recent wars in
\nAfghanistan and Iraq. According to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.
\n(n.d.), about 23 percent of veterans from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars are
\nreported to suffer from PTSD. The numbers for other wars such as the Vietnam
\nWar accounts for 10 percent of veterans with PTSD while the Gulf War veterans
\nwith PTSD were estimated to make up 10 percent of the current veterans
\nsuffering from this psychological illness.<\/p>\n

With the recent end of both Afghanistan and Iraq wars, there is a growing concern on the current efficacy of treatment options for postwar treatment. This comes from an increase in a number of veterans returning home which also correlates to increase in cases of PTSD. Veterans Affairs health care is without a doubt the largest healthcare system in America. The prevalence of PTSD among veterans has received significant funding from the federal government. What can be done to reduce the prevalence and most importantly the effects of PTSD among veterans in the United States? This is the main concern with the rise in the number of veterans there is the need to investigate on the efficiency of the existing treatment options to ascertain that the required help is availed to veterans with PTSD. <\/p>\n

Combat exposure is the leading cause of PTSD especially among males
\nbut when it comes to female veterans, sexual trauma has been registered as the
\nleading cause of PTSD. Treatment for PTSD widely varies as different research
\nmethods recommend the distinct therapeutic process. One of the treatment
\noptions which is fairly recent in the treatment of PTSD is art therapy.\u00a0 The potential therapeutic and effectiveness
\nof art therapy among veterans suffering from PTSD has not been widely
\nresearched hence limited knowledge is available on the treatment results of
\nthis option. To date, art therapy has not been considered to be effective in
\nreducing or managing symptoms related to PTSD (Blankenship, 2017).\u00a0 <\/p>\n

This research looks into showing that art therapy is not only effective but at the same time an engaging form of treatment that offers diversity and improves participation during therapy. That is, this research would highlight the effectiveness of art therapy<\/a> in ensuring that veterans with PTSD continuously attend therapy sessions. This originates from studies that showcase the ineffectiveness of cognitive processing therapy in motivating veterans with PTSD to continue with treatment session for a lengthy time (Campbell, Kurk, & Deaver, 2016). As a result, the main aim of this research paper would be to analyze the effectiveness of art therapy in the treatment of veterans with PTSD and consequently comment on its suitability and point out the potential therapeutic benefits. <\/p>\n

Research Problem
\nand Questions<\/h3>\n

The increasing
\nnumber of suicide rates in veterans suffering from PTSD calls for review on
\ncurrent treatment options and analyze their effectiveness. Although cognitive
\nprocessing therapy has long been preferred as the go-to treatment options, they
\nhave been seen to have some limitations. Art therapy is a relatively new method
\nthat has not been fully embraced in the psychology field. The research problem,
\nin this case, revolves around debunking the belief that art therapy is not
\neffective in reducing symptoms related to PTSD. <\/p>\n

Questions that
\nwould be explored and answered in this study would include:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. What are the different components of art therapy that showcase the positive impact on veterans with PTSD? <\/li>\n
  2. Is art therapy effective in the long term and how it does it cater for diversity among veterans with PTSD?<\/li>\n
  3. In the case where art therapy is combined with other forms of therapy in treating PTSD, does it remain effective as in the case where it is utilized as the primary form of treatment?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Literature Review<\/h2>\n

    This section of the research paper will focus on three area. The
    \nfirst part of the literature will analyze or rather explain diagnosis for PTSD
    \naccording to the current research data. At the same time, this section will
    \nanalyze the current methods that are being utilized in treatment and the
    \ncurrent view on their effectiveness. The second part of the literature review
    \nwill analyze factors that influence engagement of art therapy in treating
    \nveterans with PTSD. The third part of the literature review will analyze and
    \nreview the exploration of art therapy. <\/p>\n

    Understanding PTSD<\/h3>\n

    The diagnosis for
    \npost-traumatic stress disorder commonly known as PTSD was first included in the
    \nDSM as early as 1980. Prior to official classification, research indicated that
    \nPTSD was called or described in different names and conditions including war
    \nneurosis, traumatic neurosis, shell shock, gross stress reaction and even
    \ncombat fatigue. This research determined that although the diagnosis of PTSD is
    \nrelatively new, the symptoms related to this mental illness have been
    \nexperienced and at the same time documented for thousands of years. <\/p>\n

    Veterans with PTSD
    \nare reported to experience symptoms such as intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, and
    \nnightmares which allow the past to aggressively invade the present. <\/p>\n

    According to Mandic-Gajic & Spiric, (2016), individuals in this
    \nstate of mind find it hard to differentiate or clearly define the past, the
    \npresent and the future. The past is at all times increasing aggressively
    \ninvading present moments with the main memories and thought involving traumatic
    \nevents that took place in the past. This, therefore, implies that symptoms
    \nrelated to PTSD mainly involve relieving a traumatic event or simply constantly
    \nremembering the frightening elements of such an event. With this mind,
    \nBlankenship, (2017) recommends that the key element is considered in the
    \ntreatment process if integration of an individual\u2019s history and life
    \nexperiences to allow for the harmonious coexistence of memories. Most
    \nimportantly, ensuring that psychotherapy prevents or eliminates avoidance plays
    \nan instrumental role in minimizing symptoms related to PTSD. This is because
    \navoidance has been found to be a major influence in a continual experience of
    \nreliving traumatic events. <\/p>\n

    Prevalence of PTSD among veterans and the extreme consequences of
    \nsuffering from this mental illness is reason enough for mental practitioners to
    \nseek out treatment options that are effective. Different patients have been
    \nfound to react differently to the various psychotherapy and medication
    \ntreatments available. For instance, while certain medications such as
    \nantidepressants and SSRI\u2019S have worked effectively in terms of reducing PTSD
    \nsymptoms and improving quality of life for some patients, there are some who
    \nhave seen little difference with this method of treatment. The ineffectiveness
    \nof a single form of treatment has resulted in the inclusion of the use of both
    \npsychotherapy and medication as the guideline for treating PTSD. Some of the common psychotherapy
    \ntreatment utilized for the treatment of PTSD include Reprocessing and Stress
    \nInoculation therapy (SIT), Virtual Reality Exposure (VRE), Eye Movement
    \nDesensitization, Prolonged Exposure Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
    \n(CBT).<\/p>\n

    Art therapy and PTSD <\/h3>\n

    Art therapy is a treatment option for patient combat-related PTSD
    \nthat although has been utilized for many years is still not considered as a
    \nmajor psychotherapy treatment option. However, in recent years, art therapy has
    \ngained more spotlight based on case studies and research projects that have
    \nindicated and supported its effectiveness in reducing trauma-related symptoms
    \nand at the same time improving the lives of veterans suffering from PTSD.
    \nResearch from Jones, Walker, Masino & Kaimal (2017), indicates that
    \ntheorists have identified neurological and psychological mechanisms associated
    \nor rather thought to be operating in art therapy. These mechanisms are in turn
    \nindicated to have unique capabilities that promote the reduction of symptoms
    \nand subsequently recovery from PTSD. <\/p>\n

    There are various
    \nfeatures that have made art therapy recommendable and considered highly effective
    \nat the same time. One of the features that have made art therapy a go-to form
    \nof treatment is the nature of its operation in the sense that it is undoubtedly
    \nthe least physically and mentally invasive psychotherapy from of treatment. In
    \nthis perspective, it has been reported that more veterans are opting and
    \npreferring to use this method of treatment because of its simple nature of
    \ntreatment. Art therapy offers veterans with PTSD with a way to communicate in a
    \nvisual language which is useful especially to individuals who cannot use words
    \nor find it hard to describe the trauma they experienced in words. Communication
    \nof any form is an important part of the healing process in treating PTSD. One
    \nof the major drawbacks to the existing psychotherapy treatments is avoidance
    \nand numbing which limit the effectiveness of various treatment options.
    \nHowever, when it comes to art therapy, patients are provided with an
    \nalternative form of communication hence expressing themselves in a much more
    \neffective manner through the art-making process. <\/p>\n

    Art therapy has been found to significantly reduce symptoms of PTSD
    \nsuch as emotional numbing, hyperarousal, intrusive thoughts, and avoidance.
    \nConsidering that traumatic experiences are often difficult to express and
    \nexternalize, patients often resort to generally trying to ignore and avoiding
    \nto talk about these episodes. At the same time, these experiences are often
    \nimprinted in visual areas of the brain which then makes it difficult to ignore
    \nof numb. However, art therapy offers a way for the patient to not only express
    \nbut at the same release the tension associated with these traumatic
    \nexperiences. Working through phase coding in art therapy enables patients to
    \nchange the coding of the traumatic event and eventually integrate it with the
    \npersonality while connecting or associating it with other thoughts and feelings
    \nwhich are under the control of the patient. Consequently, intrusive re-living
    \nof the traumatic event is transformed into merely remembering which has fewer
    \nimpacts or effects. <\/p>\n

    Exploring art therapy <\/h3>\n

    Art therapy is a form
    \nof treatment that explores creating a new trauma narrative that clearly defines
    \nthe past, present, and future. Research data showcases that PTSD distorts
    \ntraumatic memories that have invaded the present mindset. This allows for
    \nexternalization and most importantly sharing of these traumatic memories that
    \ncan easily become part of an individual\u2019s story without necessarily
    \nrepresenting the true being of this person. The mode of action that is
    \nimportant in art therapy and which is greatly associated with effectiveness in
    \nreducing PTSD related symptoms is the reintegration process which takes place
    \nwhen the present and the past of an individual\u2019s history is joined through the
    \ncreation of a new narrative. Additionally, different aspects such as
    \nself-esteem are boosted in the process which also facilitates the healing
    \nprocess. <\/p>\n

    Research and developments in neuroscience have provided useful
    \ninformation about different parts of the brain responsible for the verbal
    \nprocess of traumatic events. In this perspective, brain imaging has shown that
    \nwhen recounting traumatic events, victims experience two main processes that
    \nhelp to understand the effectiveness of art therapy in traumatic related
    \ntherapy. That is, for such individuals when recounting the traumatic events
    \nthat they underwent experience a shut down in the Broca area of the brain which
    \nis responsible for language and at the same time showcase arousal of the
    \namygdala. This then helps to explain why individuals with PTSD find it relatively
    \ndifficult to verbally express their emotions. However, art therapy initiates
    \nactivation of the right brain which then promotes less reliance on verbal
    \nlanguage (Lobban, 2016). This helps to explain or understand more on why art
    \ntherapy is relatively more effective in treating trauma-related disorders. <\/p>\n

    Method <\/h2>\n

    This study employed a cross-sectional design involving sampling from
    \na single group of veterans who had undergone an art therapy block of treatment.
    \nThere was a total of 50 veterans who took place in this experiment all of whom
    \nwere part of various treatment programs. The inclusion criteria for this study
    \nwas that the participants were to have been diagnosed with PTSD and also proven
    \nto be combat related. At the same time, participants in the program were
    \nrequired not to be currently using any drugs alcohol and also not experiencing
    \nactive psychosis. All veterans in the selected group met at least one of the
    \nanxiety related disorders or PTSD.\u00a0 All
    \nthe veterans in the sample completed questionnaires, during and after the study
    \nto indicate their progress in dealing with or reducing symptoms of PTSD and
    \ntheir thoughts on the effectiveness of art therapy.<\/p>\n

    Participants <\/h3>\n

    There was a total of 50 veterans who took place in this study and
    \nthe total amount of time spent on art therapy was 2 months. Among the 50
    \nveterans that took place in the study, 20 were female and 30 of them were male.
    \nThe minimum age for participation in the study was 18 years but most of the
    \nparticipants were in their late in their late 30\u2019s. The average age of the
    \nparticipants was 28 years old while the age ranged from 18 years to 4o years
    \nold. The participants came from different ethnic groups as the aim of this
    \nstudy was to showcase the effectiveness of art therapy for all veterans with
    \nPTSD regardless of ethnicity. Most of these individuals had served for more
    \nthan 5 years in the military and had been involved in active combat duty during
    \ntheir active years. Recruitment was done through an online platform in
    \ncollaboration with the local resource center. Participants were compensated by
    \nbeing provided with transport allowance that would cover for the expenses
    \nincurred to participate in the study. <\/p>\n

    Materials and Procedure<\/h3>\n

    The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and the Beck\u2019s Depression
    \nInventory was used on the participants before, during and after starting the
    \nart therapy. These were used to measure the changes experienced by participants
    \nand to analyze the impact that art therapy had on the diagnosis of PTSD. There
    \nwas two form of measures utilized in the study namely qualitative and
    \nquantitative sections. These were used in the questionnaire to determine the
    \nimpact and attitude that participants have towards art therapy before and at
    \nthe end of the study. Quantitative questions used a five-point Likert scale
    \nwhile the qualitative section allowed participants to provide free text
    \ncomments about their experience and the changes they have undergone (Belkofer
    \n& Konopka, 2008). <\/p>\n

    The study included different forms of art therapy including but not
    \nlimited to panting and music therapy. Participants were divided into different
    \ngroups and given art-related assignments to complete and the required to
    \npresent during the next meeting. There was a minimum of two sessions every week
    \nthat lasted about 3 hours. In each session, participants would present their
    \nassignment and also comment on the presentations of other groups. Participating
    \nor presenting was on a voluntary basis and whenever a participant felt like he
    \nor she could not participate in group therapy for that session, he or she would
    \nbe excused but required to complete individual art therapy. At the end of every
    \nsession, participants would be required to fill out a questionnaire about
    \nprogress made and changes noted or even state cases where they do not feel like
    \nthere is any change. <\/p>\n

    There were two questions asked in the quantitative part of the
    \nquestionnaires at the end of the study. The first question asked participants
    \nto rate the effectiveness of the sessions considering the statement \u201cI found
    \nthe art sessions useful\u201d. The ratings in the questionnaire were from 1=
    \nstrongly disagree to 5= strongly agree. The second question asked participants
    \nto consider the statement \u201cI intend to continue with art therapy and would
    \nrecommend it to other individuals with PTSD\u201d with ratings varying from 1=
    \ndefinitely not to 5= definitely. The qualitative part of the questionnaire
    \nprovided participants with free text comments to provide additional information
    \nguided with the question \u201cPlease tell us what you found most helpful or
    \ninteresting about the art therapy sessions\u201d. The data was collected over a span
    \nof 2 months which was the duration of the study. <\/p>\n

    Results<\/h2>\n

    Quantitative findings<\/h3>\n

    In total, 50 veterans which account for 100 percent of the sample
    \ncompleted the question of \u201cI found the art sessions useful\u201d where 1= strongly
    \ndisagree and 5- strongly agree. The mean score of this question was 4.43 with a
    \nstandard deviation of 0.0682. The table below showcases the distribution of the
    \nresponses among the sample.<\/p>\n

    \"\"
    Table 1: Distribution of results on sample<\/figcaption><\/img><\/figure>\n

    On the other question \u201cI intend to continue with art therapy and
    \nwould recommend it to other individuals with PTSD\u201d with ratings varying from 1=
    \ndefinitely not to 5= definitely, a total of 49 veterans which caters for 99
    \npercent of the sample completed the question. The mean score for this question
    \nwas 4.15 and the standard deviation was 0.925. The table below shows the
    \ndistribution of the ratings in the sample utilized. <\/p>\n

    \"\"
    Table 2: Distribution of ratings for the sample <\/figcaption><\/img><\/figure>\n

    Qualitative findings <\/h3>\n

    The analysis method that was utilized to gather results in the
    \nqualitative part of the study was inductive content analysis. Three major
    \nthemes were drawn out of the qualitative question \u201cPlease tell us what you
    \nfound most helpful or interesting about the art therapy sessions\u201d. The major
    \ntheme drawn from this question were; improved ability to not only access but at
    \nthe same time express difficult feelings and emotions; the experience of
    \nsharing and being with cohort; and the environmental aspect. Further analysis
    \nof the data indicated that within each of the above there themes were minor
    \nthemes. The first major them form the data indicated that the experience or
    \nrather ability to share the experience with others is supplemented with minor
    \nthemes of art facilitating communication within the group which in turn creates
    \nbonding and the second one being that listening to the experiences of others
    \nhelped to normalize the issues faced. <\/p>\n

    The second major theme of exploring difficult feelings is described
    \nby minor themes of using art as a method of expressions emotions that are in
    \nnormal context difficult to voice and also the fact that art therapy helps to
    \nunlock emotions and feelings that were previously deemed inaccessible. The
    \nfinal major theme is the environmental aspects and how it influences the
    \ntherapy as well as adding value to the process. The minor theme described in
    \nthis third theme is the calming and relaxing effects of the atmosphere and the
    \neffectiveness of using different materials.<\/p>\n

    Discussion<\/h2>\n

    The aim of this research was to explore the effectiveness of art
    \ntherapy for veterans suffering from PTSD. The study used mixed methods of the
    \nart design to view it suitability in helping to reduce the symptoms of PTSD and
    \nimprove lives of participants. Veterans who took part in the study highly rated
    \nart therapy and its usefulness. According to the results obtained from the
    \nstudy, more than half of the veterans who took part in the study found that the
    \nart therapy sessions were useful. Most importantly, the majority of the
    \nveterans also not only certified that they would continue to apply the
    \nknowledge they gained from the art therapy sessions but at the same time
    \nextended that they would recommend this form of treatment to individual
    \nundergoing similar mental issues. These findings, therefore, imply that the
    \nveterans were not only engaged in the therapy sessions but at the same time
    \nfound the process to be useful in improving the state of their mind and
    \nconsequently reducing symptoms of their mental illness. This also has the
    \nimplication that provides support for the effectiveness of art therapy for the
    \ntreatment of this group of individuals.<\/p>\n

    The themes are drawn from the qualitative data also provide further
    \ninsight into the perception and experience that the veterans had during the 2
    \nmonths of art therapy. From the first theme, it is shown that one of the most
    \nuseful aspects of art therapy is that it facilitates communication which helps
    \nin the formation of bonding relationships among participants. Implications associated
    \nwith the formation of bonding relationships is that this improves on the
    \nability of participants to connect with others and at the same time increasing
    \nthe social support (Collie, Backos, Malchiodi & Spiegel, 2006). Secondly,
    \nshared perspectives during art therapy have a positive effect on normalizing
    \nmental health issues. Normalizing, in this case, has the implication of
    \nencouraging individuals to reach out and seek help when struggling. The second
    \ntheme pointed out that art therapy was instrumental in helping the veterans to
    \nexplore difficult feelings. One way through which this process helped to deal
    \nwith the difficult feelings is by offering an alternative way of expression and
    \nalso that it helped to unlock some emotions which the veterans were unaware
    \nexisted within them. <\/p>\n

    These two major themes help to point out the importance of
    \nunderstanding the psychological mechanism that veterans suffering from PTSD
    \nundergo when they relive the atraumatic event. Understanding this mechanism
    \nplays a huge role in determining the suitable treatment options.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Most importantly, the fact that the
    \nveterans were able to recognize or under their needs indicates that art therapy
    \nis effective in its own way. this further suggests that veterans are indeed
    \nengaging and not undergoing a therapeutic experience in art therapy. This
    \nconsequently supports the inclusion of art therapy as a reliable and effective
    \ntreatment plan for PTSD in veterans. Additionally, the theme that describes the
    \nusefulness of art therapy in enabling veterans to express or even access
    \ndifficult emotions suggests that art therapy may have a much more valuable role
    \nin cases where veterans with PTSD are finding it hard to engage in traditional
    \nviable therapeutic approaches. This supports the notion that art therapy
    \naccessed non-verbal processing of information which is as effective as the
    \nverbal processing of information (Ramirez, 2016). <\/p>\n

    The third major them from the analysis of the qualitative data is
    \nthat the environment provided by art therapy plays a key role in the
    \nrehabilitation process. That is, the soothing atmosphere created has a positive
    \nimpact. This comes from the fact that different forms of art utilize different
    \nenvironments which can be a relief from the normal setting that a patient is
    \nused to of often subjected to during other treatment forms. Additionally, the
    \nuse of different materials provides creative and innovative ways for veterans
    \nto express their feelings. For instance, when drawing, a participant can
    \ncommunicate by sketching images that haunt him or her which can help others to
    \nunderstand their perspective. In the same way, music can be utilized to write
    \nlyrics that closely associate with what a person experiences hence finding an
    \nindirect way of communicating with others (American Art Therapy Association,
    \n2016). This theme provides useful and practical implications for how art
    \ntherapy can be presented to clients in a way that is acceptable to them.at the
    \nsame time, this also provides information about how other therapeutic processes
    \nare different from art therapy in terms of the approaches utilized. <\/p>\n

    Further implications of this study fall on the analysis that group
    \nart therapy is more beneficial for the population with PTSD. This notion
    \nthrough research and this case study has been proven true among veterans.
    \nAccording to Lobban, 2016), utilizing group art therapy has been linked to
    \npositive results including reducing the feeling of isolation, negative
    \nuniqueness and most of all mistrust among PTSD population. At the same time, group
    \nart therapy is associated with reducing isolation amount veterans with PTSD and
    \nat the same time confronting avoidance issues that are a great hindrance to the
    \ntreatment process. Generally, veterans have an appreciation for others who
    \nshare the same military life experience. The utilization of group therapy,
    \ntherefore, offers a mutual understanding and support to other veterans which
    \nfacilitate coming to the aid of others and creation of a safe place where
    \nmembers of the group can express various emotions including fear, sadness,
    \nanger etc. most importantly, group dynamics provides an avenue for veterans
    \nwith PTSD to give and receive feedback and most of all learn from each other
    \nhence creating an overall sense of encouragement and belonging<\/p>\n

    Limitations <\/h2>\n

    This research employed a substantial sample from a group of veterans
    \nsuffering from PTSD. The sample was homogeneous in the sense that it only
    \nincluded veterans with PTSD without any other mental problems and
    \ncomplications. Therefore, although the discussions offer a generalized
    \nconclusion about treatment options and suitability of art therapy to veterans
    \nwith PTSD, this study is only limited to veterans suffering from PTSD
    \nexclusively. The sample is limited for the purpose of sampling. Therefore, it is
    \npossible that individuals with lower acceptability of compatibility with art
    \ntherapy did not complete or were not part of the study conducted. Another
    \nlimitation regards the fact that there is an instance where individuals may lie
    \nof offer responses that are not true and this could impact on the results.<\/p>\n

    Current and past research has shown that there is a significantly
    \ndifferent or rather improvement in veterans with PTSD and undertaking art
    \ntherapy as the treatment option. Art therapy offers a different or rather
    \nalternative way for an individual to cope up with events traumatizing them and
    \nmost importantly to share them and transfer them to a place where they can
    \ncontrol them. The study conducted on the 50 participants only solidified that
    \nart therapy is indeed effective in treating PTSD among veterans and should be
    \nlisted officially as an alternative treatment for this mental illness.<\/p>\n

    References <\/h2>\n
      \n
    • American Art Therapy Association . (2013). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.arttherapy.org\/upload\/whatisarttherapy.pdf<\/li>\n
    • Belkofer, C., & Konopka, L. (2008). Conducting art therapy research using quantitative EEG measures. Art Therapy, 25 (2), 56\u201363<\/li>\n
    • Blankenship, D. M. (2017, Oct). Five effeicacious treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical review. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 39(4), 275-255. doi:10.17744\/mehc.39.4.01<\/li>\n
    • Campbell, M., P., D. K., Kurk, K., & Deaver, S. P. (2016). Art therapy and cognitive processing therapy for combat-related PTSD: A randomized controlled trail. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 33(4), 169-177.<\/li>\n
    • Collie, K., Backos, A., Malchiodi, C., & Spiegel, D. (2006). Art therapy for combat-related PTSD: Recommendations for research and practice. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 23(4), 157-164.<\/li>\n
    • Jones, J. P., Walker, M. S., Masino, D. J., & Kaimal, G. (2017, Nov 1). Art therapy interventions for active duty military service members with post-traumatic stress disorder an traumatic brain injury. International Journal of Art Therapy, 23(2), 70-85. doi:10.1080\/17454832.2017.1388263<\/li>\n
    • Lobban, J. (2016). Factors that influence engagment in an inpatient art therapy group for veterans with post traumatic stress disorder. International Journal Of Art Therapy, 21(1), 15-22. doi:10.1080\/17454832.2015.1124899<\/li>\n
    • Mandic-Gajic, G., & Spiric, Z. (2016). Posttraumatic stress disorder and art group therapy: self-sexpression of traumatic inner world war veterans. Vojnosanit Pregl, 73(8), 757-763. doi:10.2298\/vsp150512083m<\/li>\n
    • Ramirez, J. (2016, April). A review of art therapy amoung military service members and veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Military and Veterans Health, 24(2), 40-51.<\/li>\n
    • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved from PTSD: National Center for PTSD: https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/assessment\/adult-sr\/ptsd-checklist.asp<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Abstract Veterans are susceptible to suffering PTSD mainly because of the trauma they experience during combat duties. The serious nature of this mental illness advocates for establishing effective treatment options. Art therapy is an alternative therapeutic treatment option that is less evasive compared to traditional therapeutic methods. In this research, the study analyzes the effectiveness […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7086],"tags":[9845,5294,9887,9867,9888,9889,9890,9886,9885],"class_list":["post-74976","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-assignments","tag-1-dissertation-writing-service-in-uk","tag-bishops-writing-bureau","tag-cn","tag-create-a-paper-using-the-following-criteria","tag-homework-help-assignment-answers","tag-in-1050-word-essay","tag-in-a-4-to-6-page-essay","tag-in-a-page-paper-assignment","tag-write-an-essay-in-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74976","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74976"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74976\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74976"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=74976"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=74976"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}