{"id":74998,"date":"2019-12-20T19:25:59","date_gmt":"2019-12-20T19:25:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/essays.homeworkacetutors.com\/effects-of-technology-on-cyber-bullying\/"},"modified":"2019-12-20T19:25:59","modified_gmt":"2019-12-20T19:25:59","slug":"effects-of-technology-on-cyber-bullying","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/effects-of-technology-on-cyber-bullying\/","title":{"rendered":"Effects of Technology on Cyber-Bullying"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"content position-relative mb-4\">\n<h4>HOW TECHNOLOGY HAS FACILITATED CYBER-BULLYING<\/h4>\n<h2>2.0 Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>This paper outlines the findings of the research undertaking to establish how technology facilitates Cyber-bullying within a particular secondary school. The key findings demonstrate that teenagers use different technological platforms <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/criminology\/effects-of-cyber-bullying-criminology-essay.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to abuse and cause harm<\/a> that leads to distress for many students. The research sample is a whole year group of Year 10 pupils from a Secondary High School. Two analysis strategies have been under taken to ensure that the correct data is obtained upon completion of this study. These include: questionnaires and interviews. Data was analysed and portrayed in different ways such as tables and figures and the use of content analysis. The results suggest that Cyber-Bullying is a very real issue in schools throughout UK and that strong Anti-Bullying Policies are required in Secondary schools in order to protect those students who are on the receiving end of such abuse.<\/p>\n<h2>3.0 Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>The focus of this study is to<br \/>\nidentify how technology has facilitated Cyber-Bullying. The main emphasis is<br \/>\nidentifying the different types of technology being used against a group of<br \/>\nYear 10 pupils in a Secondary High School. Electronic bullying, online bullying<br \/>\nand\/or Cyber bullying are new methods of bullying involving forms of bullying<br \/>\ndefined as harassment using technology such as social websites (MySpace,<br \/>\nFacebook), email, chat rooms, mobile phone texting and cameras, picture<br \/>\nmessaging(sexting), IM(Instant Messaging) and blogs. The following document<br \/>\nwill analyse the responses from a group of Year 10 pupils in a Secondary High<br \/>\nSchool to identify the various technology being used during Cyber Bullying. The<br \/>\nstudy will compare and contrast the data acquired through questionnaires and<br \/>\ninterviews with the intention to update the Anti-Bullying Policy of the<br \/>\nSecondary High School of the findings from the study. The findings recognise<br \/>\nthat the number of teenagers who are on the receiving end of Cyber-Bullying is<br \/>\non the increase and recommendations need to be made to schools to stop the ever<br \/>\nincreasing use of technology to harm, abuse and intimidate other students in<br \/>\norder for them to continue with their education. \u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>4.0 Project Aim and Objectives<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-98480\" sizes=\"(max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" src=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bullying.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bullying.jpg 601w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bullying-247x300.jpg 247w\"\/><\/figure>\n<h2>5.0 Scope and Rationale\u00a0 <\/h2>\n<p>The following description will<br \/>\nhighlight and describe the limitations and boundaries within the research<br \/>\nproject. The emphasis of the research project is on the technology used when<br \/>\nengaging in Cyber-Bullying. Cyber-Bullying is becoming more and more at the forefront<br \/>\nin affecting young peoples\u2019 lives in todays\u2019 society. The ability to<br \/>\nCyber-Bully is not only limited to mobile phones, Instant Messaging, chat<br \/>\nrooms, email and webcams but websites, video hosting sites, Virtual Learning<br \/>\nEnvironments(VLE\u2019s) and gaming consoles but other advancements in technology<br \/>\nare all responsible for engagement in Cyber-Bullying. This research project<br \/>\nwill aim to prove that technology, when used incorrectly, has a major impact on<br \/>\nthe lives of a cohort of students in Year 10. The project will only be<br \/>\nfocussing on the technology used and not the psychological, behaviours or<br \/>\neffects as a result of the findings.<\/p>\n<p>The technology industry is a fast<br \/>\ngrowing industry that has both a positive and negative impact on individuals.<br \/>\nAs technology is a large and vast part of everyday life the way we use this<br \/>\ntechnology and the research gathered through the use of questionnaires and<br \/>\none-to-one interviews will prove the impact that this has on both individuals<br \/>\nand groups. \u00a0The students will all be<br \/>\nasked to participate in a questionnaire for the purpose of the project to<br \/>\ncollect the primary data. In total there are 83 pupils in this year group. The<br \/>\ninterviews will be conducted with the consent of the students to gain further<br \/>\nunderstanding into the technologies being used during Cyber-bullying. The<br \/>\nconstraints on the research are that the actual topic of Cyber-Bullying has<br \/>\nonly been highlighted in the last decade and therefore accurate, concise and<br \/>\nrelevant information on this topic is in its infancy. <\/p>\n<p>The assumptions of the<br \/>\nresearch project will prove that when young people are able communicate through<br \/>\nthe use of technology there is no limitation on how, where and when<br \/>\ncyber-bullying is taking place. It will be down to the data and research gathered<br \/>\nto prove how technology facilitates Cyber-bullying within the group of year 10<br \/>\npupils.<\/p>\n<h2>6.0 Literature Review<\/h2>\n<p>When trying to understand what<br \/>\nCyber-Bullying is, it is important to break this down further by trying to<br \/>\nestablish what the definition of bullying is. According to Elliot (2011:02)<br \/>\n\u2019Bullying is deliberately harming someone who is less powerful than you with<br \/>\nthe intention of causing pain\u2019. When exploring the exact definition of the term<br \/>\n\u2018bullying\u2019, what emerges is a slight difference of opinion between writers and<br \/>\nauthors. Askew (1989) follows a theme in his definition of power and a concept<br \/>\nof continuum by identifying bullying as behaviour which involves an attempt to<br \/>\ngain power and dominance over another. However, when comparing Askew (1989),<br \/>\nwith writers such as Herbert(1996) who both identify bullying as a way of being<br \/>\nhorrible and cruel to another child or group of children whereby the victim may<br \/>\nfind the behaviour embarrassing, hurtful or humiliating, and be frightened or threatened<br \/>\nby it and Rigby(1996), who states that bullying is a repeated oppression,<br \/>\npsychological or physical, of a less powerful person by a more powerful person<br \/>\nor persons. The themes of hurt, intent, repetition, duration, power and<br \/>\nprovocation are all vocabulary that can be pinned up upon the word bullying.<\/p>\n<p>What is clear in the<br \/>\ncomparisons between writers and authors is that experts in the field offer a<br \/>\nvariety of views of the term bullying, however when schools are devising<br \/>\npolicies in relation to the term bullying, they are encouraged by the<br \/>\nDepartment of Education(2014), to arrive and their own institutional<br \/>\ndefinition.\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p>More recently, research has demonstrated that advances in technology have provided a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ukessays.com\/essays\/general-studies\/issue-cyberbullying-8570.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new means of bullying<\/a>. Cyber-Bullying can be defined as a form of covert psychological bullying conveyed through the use of electronic media, such as mobile phones and the internet, that is deliberately intended to harm another (Cowie and Jennifer 2007). It includes bullying by text message or mobile phone calling, by instant messenger services and social networking sites, by email, and by images or videos posted on the internet or mobile phones. Cyber bullying is completely different to other forms of bullying, firstly, cyber-bullying creates a sense of anonymity and a hidden identity that serves to distance the bully from the victim.\u00a0 Secondly, cyber-bullying reaches a far wider audience at a greater speed due to the advances of technology and the internet and finally people that are initially bystanders can easily become engaged in the cyber-bullying. The types of behaviour that bullies exhibit differs between Cyber-bullying and other types of bullying, for example intimidation, threats, harassment, name calling and insults, social exclusion or peer rejection, identity theft and publication of private information or images are all common within Cyber-Bullying. All of the information above establishes and gains what Cyber-Bullying is (objective 1). Despite the differences mentioned it is important to remember that Cyber-Bullying may form part of a relationship that includes offline and face-to-face bullying as well (Smith et al 2008).<\/p>\n<p>There have been several<br \/>\ncomprehensive studies in which technology and the youth have been the focus. New<br \/>\nresearch from Mintel (2013) informs us of the following of our UK teenagers: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>15% of 10-15 year olds are afraid to be left<br \/>\nout of there social circle if they are not always on Facebook or Twitter<\/li>\n<li>22% of children aged between 10 \u2013 15 feel more<br \/>\nfree to express themselves online<\/li>\n<li>60% of all 15 year olds are smart phone owners<\/li>\n<li>45% of 10-15 year olds use a tablet device in<br \/>\nthe home, significantly exceeding the 36% overall household tablet penetration<br \/>\nin the UK.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Research from another country identifies<br \/>\nsimilarities to other countries. Last year McAfee (2013) undertook similar<br \/>\nresearch in Australia and found the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>95% of teens are accessing Facebook daily <\/li>\n<li>67% are using social media websites<\/li>\n<li>On average children between the ages of 8\u201312<br \/>\nare using between 3 to 4 Internet enabled devices including smart phones andtablets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The extensive technological<br \/>\ninvolvement by youth is supported by the wide and easily availability of such<br \/>\nproducts. \u2018Youth in this day and age live in a virtual candy store of technology\u2019<br \/>\nTrolley (2010: 8). The youth have grown up with continuous advancements in<br \/>\ntechnology. Zwick (2005) argues that Desktop Pc\u2019s are being replaced with more<br \/>\nincreasingly powerful portable computers.<\/p>\n<p>In terms of occurrence,<br \/>\nnumerous studies have been conducted in the UK and in other countries to<br \/>\ninvestigate Cyber-Bullying. Li (2006) conducted an anonymous questionnaire<br \/>\nsurvey of 264 students from a High School in Canada and found that:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>25% of participants had been Cyber-Bullied<\/li>\n<li>62% were Cyber-Bullied between 1 and 3 times<\/li>\n<li>40% were Cyber-Bullied more than three times<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A further study conducted by<br \/>\nLivingston and Bober (2005) surveyed over 1,500 nine to nineteen year olds<br \/>\nwhich found that older children were more likely to experience online bullying,<br \/>\nwith 35 percent 12 to 15 year olds and 44 percent of 16 to 19 year olds<br \/>\nreporting this. In the UK, the NSPCC (2013) conducted their own research in<br \/>\n2012\/13 and found that online bullying amongst 12-18 year olds has increased by<br \/>\n84% than in the previous years. In particular young people mentioned bullying<br \/>\non social networking sites, chat rooms or gaming sites. From December 2012 to<br \/>\nMarch 2013, the NSPCC (2013) heard from 1,098 young people who mentioned these<br \/>\nplatforms, a third of whom were aged 13-14. To further highlight the growing<br \/>\nissue of Cyber-Bullying in the UK, a five year study of over 15,000 secondary<br \/>\nschool pupils in 13 different schools, identified that the frequency with which<br \/>\npupils reported being bullied was directly related to the market up-take in<br \/>\nmobile technology and internet connectivity (Noret and Rivers, 2010). Patchin<br \/>\nand Hinduja (2006) conducted an internet based survey of 384 respondents of<br \/>\nspecific online bullying behaviours that young people have experienced and<br \/>\nfound that over half had been ignored by others (60 percent), half had been<br \/>\ndisrespected by others (50 percent), nearly one third had been called names by<br \/>\nothers (30 percent), and one fifth had been threatened by others (21 percent),<br \/>\npicked on by others (20 percent), been made fun of by others (19 percent) and<br \/>\nexperienced rumours spread by others (19 percent). Furthermore, the survey<br \/>\nrevealed that Cyber-Bullying was most prevalent in chat rooms, with 22 percent<br \/>\nof victims reporting this, followed by messaging through computers (14 percent)<br \/>\nand email (13 percent).<\/p>\n<p>Cyber-Bullying varies greatly<br \/>\nin their estimates of prevalence, ranging anywhere from 4% to 36% of the school<br \/>\npopulation (Noret and Rivers, 2010). The figure below conducted in the research<br \/>\nof Noret and Rivers (2010) highlights the frequency to which the different types<br \/>\nof technologies were used during their research into Cyber-Bullying.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-98481\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" src=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-2.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-2.jpg 512w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-2-300x195.jpg 300w\"><figcaption>Figure 1: Frequency of technology usage (Noret and Rivers, 2010)<\/figcaption><\/img><\/figure>\n<p>Young people are increasingly<br \/>\nusing the internet, mobile technology and gaming platforms for a variety of<br \/>\npurposes. They offer young people new opportunities in the areas of<br \/>\ninformation, education, social contact and entertainment. Several studies have<br \/>\nfound that platforms like Instant Messaging (IM), chat boxes and Social<br \/>\nNetworking Sites(SNS) offer online communication with existing friends and<br \/>\nacquaintances (Vandebosch and Heidi 2011). Many teenagers have different<br \/>\ntechnologies that they own, the amount of content they consume and the<br \/>\nenvironment in which they do this. Many teenagers have various devices that<br \/>\nresemble pocket media devices, these devices carry meaning as status symbols,<br \/>\nfor example not owning a trendy mobile phone may be commented on by peers.<br \/>\nMobile phones carry a strong sense of identity and brand and appearance of such<br \/>\ndevices carry identity and therefore act as a way to differentiate oneself from<br \/>\nothers. According to teenagers\u2019 cultural frames of reference, the ownership of<br \/>\na communication device is not an individual matter. Rather it is a radically<br \/>\nsocial affair (Caron and Caronia 2007).\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p>The types of<br \/>\nCyber-Environments whereby Cyber-Bullying and harassment are not limited to<br \/>\n(objective 2), but include the following:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Instant Messaging (IM) <\/strong>is very similar to emails being past back and forth however the difference is that both parties are online at the same time and are able to send messages back and forth to each other. This dialogue takes place in real time and is usually done through an internet connection. There are many IM programs such as Windows Live Messenger, that are free to use and many of these programs allow \u2018chats\u2019 to take place with more than one person. These particular types of programs allow users to create a list of screen contacts and then the program would alert the user when those contacts are online and available to \u2018chat\u2019 to. IM\u2019s can only be exchanged between subscribers who have listed each other as contacts (Willard 2006). Users of IM can decide which of their contacts they wish to invite to join a chat, while excluding others. IM is particularly appealing to High School students as students are free to socialize and very familiar with technology.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chatrooms<br \/>\n<\/strong>are<br \/>\nalso real time written conversations, except that the content is public to<br \/>\neveryone in the chat at that time. However, within a chat room, it is possible<br \/>\nto \u2018move\u2019 to a private chat that is essentially an IM conversation (Willard<br \/>\n2006). This shows how social exclusion can be implemented. Someone in a chat<br \/>\nroom invites some, but excludes others, from a private chat. This particular<br \/>\nform of Cyber-Environment make participants more vulnerable to harmful<br \/>\nconsequences from Cyber-Bullying. Some chatrooms have features where persons<br \/>\ncan anonymously post comments for example MUDS (Multi User Dungeons) which is<br \/>\nwhere multiple users are online simultaneously. Unlike chat rooms, people<br \/>\ntypically do not know each other outside of the environment (Grinter and Palen<br \/>\n2002). In a MUD, participants use avatars to represent themselves to create<br \/>\nroles to participate in a fantasy world.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Blogs<br \/>\n<\/strong>are<br \/>\nsimilar to diaries, except that they are posted online for public view and<br \/>\ncomment. Blogs can include both video as well as text.\u00a0 Blogs are very popular in America with 38% of<br \/>\nUS teens read blogs and 19% have their own blog (Willard 2006). Huffaker and<br \/>\nCalvert (2005) observed that 52% of all blogs are those of youth adolescents between<br \/>\nages 13-19. Blogs can be linked to other blogs to create communities of<br \/>\nbloggers. These blogs can be platforms for Cyber-Bullies to post comments,<br \/>\nthoughts and any other information of others. Many bloggers provide personal<br \/>\ninformation that could be misused by others. Huffaker and Calvert (2005) found<br \/>\nthat 20% of all teen bloggers provided their real name on blogs and that 44%<br \/>\nlisted an email address or IM name.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Emails<br \/>\n<\/strong>are<br \/>\nused to send messages and is more used these days by adults more so than<br \/>\nteenagers. It can be employed to send offensive messages to harass and do harm.<br \/>\nIn research conducted by Tarapdar and Kellett (2011) it was found that the most<br \/>\naccessible forms of technology became the most used method of bullying. Abusive<br \/>\nemails (26%) were the most popular form of cyber-bullying.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Text<br \/>\nMessages <\/strong>are particularly popular in Australia where texting is the<br \/>\npreferred method of communicating for teenager between the ages of 14 \u2013 17<br \/>\n(Brown et al 2009). Text messages are short messages using words or<br \/>\nabbreviations that can be sent between one mobile phone to any other mobile<br \/>\nphones. Most mobile phones these days allow for a digital message to be sent<br \/>\nbetween users. <strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Happy<br \/>\nSlapping <\/strong>was started as a joke in London in 2004 Kraft (2006) and at<br \/>\nthat time was a particularly nasty form of Cyber-Bullying. Happy Slapping<br \/>\noccurs when a target is approached and slapped in the face while a third person<br \/>\ncaptures the incident with the use of a camera. The video then gets uploaded to<br \/>\na website for others to view. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Social<br \/>\nNetworking Sites <\/strong>such as Facebook, MySpace and Twitter for<br \/>\nexample include many features as above (email, blogs, chats etc.) and have<br \/>\nexactly the same potential to be misused by Cyber-Bullies. The very first<br \/>\nincident in the UK whereby a teenager who posted death threats to another<br \/>\nteenager received a 3 month sentence in a Youth Offender Institute (Guardian<br \/>\n2009).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Video<br \/>\nhosting sites <\/strong>such as YouTube allows users the opportunity to<br \/>\naccess useful educational, entertaining and original creative video content,<br \/>\nhowever it also provides the user to upload and post embarrassing and<br \/>\nhumiliating films of someone.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Gaming<br \/>\nSites, Consoles and Virtual Worlds <\/strong>allows users the opportunities<br \/>\nto text or voice chat live during online gaming between players across the<br \/>\nworld, or on handheld devices with people in the same local area. This<br \/>\nparticular technology allows players to pick on weaker ones by repeatedly name<br \/>\ncalling, making derogatory remarks and forwarding unwanted messages to other<br \/>\ndevices in the immediate vicinity.\u00a0 <\/p>\n<p>There are many ways in which society can approach Cyber Bullying; one example of this would be where Rigby and Barrington Thomas (2003) suggest that in schools prevention loomed large in the plans and procedures embraced by most schools. Another way adopted in America according to Phillips and Sianjina (2013) is that agencies within the federal government including the court system and the department of education should assume the responsibility of overseeing the electronic bully policy. Katz (2012) describes in the cycle of bullying intervention, effective bullying prevention is a five stage programme, to be endlessly repeated with tweaks and improvements through constant evaluation and monitoring of its effectiveness. Every single young person in our society should have the right to feel protected by the laws that govern our very own society. For example the Equality Act 2010 (Section 26) states that:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u2018Harassment \u2013 A person (A) harasses another<br \/>\n(B) if \u2013 <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A \u00a0engages in unwanted conduct related to a<br \/>\nrelevant protected characteristic, and<\/li>\n<li>The conduct has the purpose or effect of \u2013<\/li>\n<li>Violating B\u2019s dignity, or<\/li>\n<li>Creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading,<br \/>\nhumiliating or offensive environment for B\u2019<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Wellfield High School (2014) has<br \/>\nits own Anti-Bullying Policy and within this policy it highlights<br \/>\nCyber-Bullying as \u2018Cyber-bullying takes different forms: threats and<br \/>\nintimidation; harassment or \u201ccyber-stalking\u201d (e.g. repeatedly sending unwanted<br \/>\ntexts or instant messages); vilification \/ defamation; exclusion or peer<br \/>\nrejection; impersonation; unauthorised publication of private information or<br \/>\nimages and videos and the manipulation of\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>\u2018The use of ICT in Cyber-bullying is a fine balance between risks and opportunities\u2019 Katz (2012:26). \u2018Experts say that there are missing or shadowy parents and social pressures on kids much earlier than in previous generations. The need to please and be accepted by the peer group that becomes the driving force in teenagers\u2019 lives\u2019 Singh (2007:16). A common theme to the literature states that technology plays an important role in the everyday lives of teenagers. As modern advancements in technology increase, so does the use and the popularity of these technologies and devices, however the way that the technology is used to abuse individuals or groups of people during cyber-bullying creates a major and a common problem for students, parents and professionals.<\/p>\n<h2>7.0 Methodologies <\/h2>\n<p>This section<br \/>\nwill explain the methodology used to investigate how technology facilitates<br \/>\nCyber-Bullying. The epistemological approach within the document will be<br \/>\njustified through the comparison of the researcher\u2019s knowledge and the data<br \/>\nacquired through research. The document will also explain approaches to both<br \/>\nqualitative and quantitative data collection methods through the use of<br \/>\ntriangulation methods to gain the desired data and how they will be used in the<br \/>\nstudy. The section will then explore the two different methods adopted during<br \/>\ndata collection and reference these to the outcomes of the research<br \/>\nproject.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n<h3>7.1 Epistemology\u00a0\u00a0 <\/h3>\n<p>All research is<br \/>\nabout knowledge. This research will adopt both a positivist and interpretivist<br \/>\nepistemological approach to gain further understanding on how theories on<br \/>\nknowledge would reflect upon the evidence gathered by the researcher. Audi<br \/>\n(2011) describes that being justified in believing something is having<br \/>\njustification for believing it, this narrowed down further means that justified<br \/>\nbelief is a good backbone for knowledge.<\/p>\n<p>(Fantl et al<br \/>\n2008) describe epistemology as \u2018a philosophical enquiry into the nature,<br \/>\nconditions and extent of human knowledge\u2019. The approach adopted in this<br \/>\nresearch allowed the researcher to gather data through consultations and<br \/>\ninteractions with the cohort of students and the interpretations of the<br \/>\nresearcher to ultimately induce an epistemological approach. This study will<br \/>\nallow the research to be gathered, interpreted and the results be published to<br \/>\nenable the researcher to understand how technology facilitates Cyber-Bullying.<\/p>\n<h3>7.2 Paradigm\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/h3>\n<p>Lincoln (1998)<br \/>\ninsists that human behaviour, unlike physical objects, cannot be understood<br \/>\nwithout reference to the meanings and purposes. The researcher adopted<br \/>\napproaches in a \u2018stand off\u2019 between a \u2018qualitative scholar\u2019 and a \u2018quantitative<br \/>\nscholar\u2019. The \u2018qualitative scholar\u2019 will adopt approaches from ethnology,<br \/>\narchival research and textual criticism however the \u2018quantitative scholar will<br \/>\nmake use of mathematics, and statistics. By combining elements of quantitative<br \/>\nand qualitative paradigms, the validity of the research findings may be<br \/>\nenhanced because the different methods being used, questionnaires and interviews<br \/>\nwill complement each other and the value of the study will be enhanced by using<br \/>\nthe mixed methodology approach.\u00a0 A<br \/>\npattern and trend that is developing amongst young people is the link drawn<br \/>\nwith Cyber-Bullying and technology.<\/p>\n<h3>7.3 Methodology<\/h3>\n<p>The type of<br \/>\nmethodological stand point that this particular piece of research is a<br \/>\ncombination of both Positivism and Interpretivism. A combination of the<br \/>\nresearcher interacting with the students during the interview process,<br \/>\nhighlights the cross over into Interpretivism. However the true hard data that<br \/>\nis required for this research requires the methodological approach to encompass<br \/>\nelements of Positivism. The use of questionnaires to gather the data shows that<br \/>\nelements of positivism will be required to acquiring the primary data, but is<br \/>\nnot the only methodological approach to the research. Della and Keating (2008)<br \/>\nstate that \u2018Methodological debates are often framed as a confrontation between<br \/>\nthe quantitative methodologies used by positivists and the qualitative ones<br \/>\nused by constructivists and interpretivists. According to Cresswell (2011) the<br \/>\ncomplexity of our research problems calls for answers beyond simple numbers in<br \/>\na quantitative sense or words in a qualitative sense.<\/p>\n<p>Newman<br \/>\n(1998:43) states that \u2018multivariate research is based on the complexities of most<br \/>\nhuman and social science research. More than one variable is always operating<br \/>\nin the questions researchers ask\u2019. Triangulation is restricted to the use of<br \/>\nmultiple data gathering techniques, usually three, to investigate the same<br \/>\nphenomenon (Berg and Lune 2014). The research methodology conducted through the<br \/>\nuse of primary qualitative studies does not exclude the quantitative data<br \/>\ngathering techniques adopted. The gathering of data in a school setting would<br \/>\ndescribe the ethnography as being distinctive as the researcher would be<br \/>\nrequired to engage with the group on its own ground. The role of the researcher<br \/>\nvaries according to the level of involvement. During the gathering of the<br \/>\nprimary data through the use of questionnaires, the researcher would be unobtrusive,<br \/>\nhowever the engagement level during the interview stage may vary and therefore<br \/>\nthe researcher becomes more involved. Ethnography is an ideal method for<br \/>\nderiving meaning from social lives that might otherwise go hidden or unnoticed<br \/>\n(Berg and Lune 2014), however this approach would not be adopted as the method<br \/>\nof collection does not involve participant observation by the researcher.<br \/>\nAccording to Meyerhoff and Schleef (2010) the researcher develops personal<br \/>\nassociations with members of community and then becomes a member of it. <\/p>\n<h3>7.4 Conceptual Framework:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/h3>\n<p>A conceptual framework has been derived to<br \/>\nshow the theory that underpins the research project. The framework has been<br \/>\nused to show the factors and relationships that occur between the topics, which<br \/>\nare all key in this study. All the topics are directly and\/or indirectly linked<br \/>\nto each other and must be considered through the research.\n<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-98482\" sizes=\"(max-width: 303px) 100vw, 303px\" src=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-3.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-3.jpg 303w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-3-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-3-300x298.jpg 300w\"><figcaption>Figure 2: Conceptual Framework of the Research<\/figcaption><\/img><\/figure>\n<h3>7.5 Conclusion<\/h3>\n<p>The purpose of<br \/>\nthe research methodology is to capture the voices of the Year 10 students who<br \/>\nhave been Cyber-Bullied. The methodology uses a mixed methods approach that<br \/>\ninvolves both positivist and interpretivist elements that will provide the<br \/>\nresearch with clarity and specific data from the implementation of multivariate<br \/>\nresearch undertaken. The collection of data through the use of questionnaires<br \/>\nand interviews will add to the researcher\u2019s knowledge of the topic and therefore<br \/>\njustifying the epistemological approach and reasoning behind the paradigms<br \/>\nadopted when conducting research into Cyber-Bullying.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n<h2>8.0 Methods <\/h2>\n<p>The methods adopted for the<br \/>\nresearch project will vary between questionnaires and interviews. The focus<br \/>\nwill be on a group of Year 10 students that will include a mix of high\/low<br \/>\nachievers and pupils with SEND (Special Educational Needs and Disabilities).<br \/>\nFocus groups were looked at as an alternative method for information gathering.<br \/>\nAccording to Creswell (2011) the researcher engages in a sampling procedure<br \/>\nthat involves determining the location or site for the research, identifies the<br \/>\nparticipants who will provide data in the study and how they will be sampled.<br \/>\nCresswell (2011) also ascertains the number of participants needed to answer<br \/>\nthe research and the recruitment procedures for participants to engage in the<br \/>\nresearch. <\/p>\n<h3>8.1 Questionnaires<\/h3>\n<p>A Questionnaire is a method of<br \/>\nissuing participants with a series of questions to gain data. The ways in which<br \/>\nthe questions are structured are essential to the quality of the data. If<br \/>\nquestions are worded poorly, this will reflect in the quality of the data that<br \/>\nhas been gathered (Proctor and Van Zandt, 2011). It is also very important when<br \/>\nworking with young people, to take into account their understanding of words<br \/>\nand therefore the questions within the questionnaire would need to be worded<br \/>\nand phrased accordingly. Proctor and Van Zandt (2011) highlight that a common<br \/>\nissue when conducting questionnaires is their unreliability, if people do<br \/>\ncomplete them, then they may forget to return them or ultimately they may<br \/>\nignore the questionnaire completely. The nature of anonymity granted through<br \/>\nthe completion of questionnaires has its positives, as suggested by Gilham (2000),<br \/>\nresults obtained are likely to be more accurate as a result of anonymity. This<br \/>\nmethod has been chosen to collect both quantitative and qualitative data<br \/>\nwhereby the use of both open ended and closed questions will provide the<br \/>\ngrouping of data that is required to critically analyse the technology used<br \/>\nduring Cyber-Bullying(objective 1), and to analyse the cohort of year 10<br \/>\nstudents(objective 2). The distribution of the questionnaires was on paper during<br \/>\nan assembly morning to 84 students. This method is important because a large<br \/>\namount of data will be gained. The final aspect that the use of this method<br \/>\nwill enable the researcher to make recommendations for the Anti-Bullying Policy<br \/>\nof the Secondary High School (objective 3). A copy of the questionnaire is<br \/>\navailable in the appendix.\u00a0 <\/p>\n<h3>8.2 Interviews<\/h3>\n<p>Interviewing may be defined<br \/>\nsimply as a conversation with a purpose. Specifically, the purpose is to gather<br \/>\ninformation (Berg 2014).\u00a0 There are three<br \/>\ndifferent types of interviews, the standardised interview, the<br \/>\nsemi-standardised interview and the un-standardised interview. Merriam (2002)<br \/>\nagrees with Berg (2014) as interviews range from highly structured, where<br \/>\nspecific questions and the order in which they are asked are determined ahead<br \/>\nof time, to unstructured, where one has topic areas to explore but neither the<br \/>\nquestions nor the order are predetermined. For the purpose of this research and<br \/>\nthe group of young people that will be researched, the standardised interview<br \/>\nwill be used. The rationale behind this decision is that to gain the relevant<br \/>\ninformation, the questions will be simple enough to understand which allows the<br \/>\nsubjects to understand clearly what they are being asked. The sequencing,<br \/>\nphrasing and level of language adopted in the interview will be considered<br \/>\naccordingly and adopted for the purpose of gaining the relevant information.<br \/>\nThe interviewer will need to be aware that the topic could be sensitive to some<br \/>\nyoung people and may result in those feeling manipulated by the questions being<br \/>\nasked. The risk involved with the sensitive nature of the topic could be that<br \/>\nthe young people will drop out from the interview and the researcher would not<br \/>\nbe able to use the data. The benefits from those young people that do complete<br \/>\nthe interview will be deliberate, knowledgeable and unforced. The researcher<br \/>\nwill ask the pupils to self-nominate to participate in the interview in order<br \/>\nto identify and gather the parameters for the project. The researcher has<br \/>\nconducted an interview with two participants, one who has been bullied and<br \/>\nanother who was the bullying order for there to be consistency with the results<br \/>\nobtained during the collection and analyses of the cohort of Year 10 students<br \/>\n(objective 3). The data that will be collected during the interviews will also<br \/>\nallow the researcher to focus specifically on the technology used during<br \/>\nCyber-Bullying (objective 2). \u00a0A copy of<br \/>\nthe interview questions are available in the appendix.<\/p>\n<h3>8.3 Sampling Strategy<\/h3>\n<p>The sampling strategy that has<br \/>\nbeen employed by the researcher took into account many considerations. One of<br \/>\nthe methodological issues that needed to be recognised first, was the actual<br \/>\nsample size using questionnaires. The researcher specifically did not want to<br \/>\nsample the whole school, however the researcher understood that the likelihood<br \/>\nof the precision sample may increase the number of errors. Bryman (2008) states<br \/>\nthat the less sampling error one is willing to tolerate, the larger a sample<br \/>\nwill need to be. However, Fowler (1993) argues against this point by declaring<br \/>\nthat in practice researchers do not base their decisions about sample size on a<br \/>\nsingle estimate of a variable. He also observes that it is not normal for<br \/>\nsurvey researchers to be in a position to specify in advance an \u2018a desired<br \/>\nlevel of precision\u2019 (Fowler,1993: 34). Another consideration that the<br \/>\nresearcher needed to take into account was non-response, this did not occur<br \/>\nwithin this research as all the students that were present on the day of the<br \/>\ndata collection, completed the questionnaire. The only issue that did occur,<br \/>\nwhich was out of the control of the researcher, was absenteeism. A good<br \/>\nresponse rate from the questionnaires that were handed out was based on the<br \/>\nnon-probability sample and specifically convenience sampling. A convenience<br \/>\nsample is \u2018one that is simply available to the researcher by virtue of its<br \/>\naccessibility\u2019 Bryman (2008: 183). As a convenience strategy was employed, the<br \/>\nresearcher also considered a quota sample of a non-probability sample however<br \/>\nthis particular sample would represent students within different categories.<br \/>\nThe researcher conducted a standardised interview in order to collect the<br \/>\nqualitative data required. The reasoning behind the decision is that it would<br \/>\nentail far more accuracy in processing the answers compared to questionnaires,<br \/>\nwith many questions being closed or closed ended. These type of questions allow<br \/>\nfor the respondents to reply with limited answers and therefore variability is<br \/>\nreduced.<\/p>\n<h3>8.4 Validity of Data<\/h3>\n<p>Validity is a function of the<br \/>\ncorrelation between the response and that true value Groves et al (2009). This<br \/>\nresearch implemented the three standards that all surveys should meet, content<br \/>\nstandards, cognitive standards and usability standards. The students themselves<br \/>\ncould provide data that is inaccurate when they complete the questionnaires as<br \/>\nthey may get bored and feel that the topic is not relevant to them if they have<br \/>\nnot been Cyber-Bullied.\u00a0 Absenteeism on<br \/>\nthe day may not provide the project with sufficient data however the year group<br \/>\nas a whole has 97% attendance for the year thus far.<\/p>\n<h3>8.5 Ethical Considerations<\/h3>\n<p>To correctly adhere to the<br \/>\nethical standards, permission from the Secondary High School\u2019s Headmaster<br \/>\n(refer to Appendix 3) and the parents or guardians of the young people<br \/>\nparticipating in the research was obtained. The researcher adhered to the<br \/>\nethical guidelines for educational research (refer to Appendix 2). <\/p>\n<p>Technology can have a huge<br \/>\nimpact on young people being Cyber-Bullied, however it is important to show<br \/>\nthat no bias is shown in the research, this is done by directing a participant<br \/>\nto give the result or answer other than their own. Bias is known to distort<br \/>\nresults Page et al (2012) and therefore must be avoided. This puts more<br \/>\nemphasis on the phrasing of questions and especially during interviews, the<br \/>\nresearcher will need to prompt for more information. \u2018It is vitally important<br \/>\nto remember that all participants within the research project are voluntary\u2019<br \/>\nPolonsky (2004) and therefore the participants must be given the opportunity to<br \/>\nwithdraw from the research process. Two key terms, anonymity and<br \/>\nconfidentiality, must not be confused when conducting the research.<br \/>\nConfidentiality according to Nation (1997) denotes an implicit or explicit<br \/>\narrangement that no record of a participant\u2019s data will be disclosed. Anonymity<br \/>\nis a condition, according to Weiss (2000) in which the researcher does not know<br \/>\nthe identity of a participant. <\/p>\n<h2>9.0 Presentation of Results<\/h2>\n<p>This section will discuss the results that have been obtained whilst conducting the research. A large sample, a whole year group, of students were selected and questionnaires were handed out to these students. Interviews were also conducted with two students who volunteered to be interviewed. <\/p>\n<h3>9.1 Questionnaire Results<\/h3>\n<p>Questionnaires<br \/>\nwere given out to 83 students from a year group of which 74 students completed<br \/>\nthe questionnaire. All the students had the option of not completing the<br \/>\nquestionnaire or to complete it in their own time. For the purpose of anonymity<br \/>\nall students were requested not to add their name to the questionnaire.<\/p>\n<p>The<br \/>\nkey results of the questionnaire are as follows:<\/p>\n<p>The table below further highlights the key<br \/>\nresults of the questionnaire.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-98483\" sizes=\"(max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" src=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-4.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-4.jpg 423w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-4-300x188.jpg 300w\"\/><figcaption>Table 1: Types of bullying comparison<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>9.2 Interview Results<\/h3>\n<p>The results gathered from the<br \/>\nquestionnaires enabled the researcher to gain an overall perspective of Cyber-Bullying<br \/>\nwithin the Year 10 student group, however for more finite, accurate and<br \/>\nspecific information, then an interview would need to take place in order to<br \/>\ngather further detailed information. The interviewer asked the group of Year 10<br \/>\nstudents for two volunteers to complete in the interview process. The<br \/>\ninterviews were conducted with both a victim of bullying and a bully present as<br \/>\nmore of a discussion. This would enable the researcher to focus on the schism<br \/>\nthat exists between both individuals with the intention to identify specifics<br \/>\nrequired to meet the overall aims objectives of the study. The researcher<br \/>\nadopted the process of coding qualitative data. According to the Center for<br \/>\nEvaluation and Research (2012), coding is the process of organising and sorting<br \/>\nyour data. When the researcher conducted the interviews, the students involved<br \/>\nin the process were very limited in their answers, even when prompted further. With<br \/>\nthe data that was collected, the researcher was able to summarise and<br \/>\nsynthesize as seen below in Table 2.<\/p>\n<p>The data in column three below highlights<br \/>\ncommon terminology that was mentioned when the interview was conducted. From<br \/>\nthis common terminology, it then became apparent that four main themes could be<br \/>\ndeduced, these included technology, reasoning, venue and information sharing.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-98484\" sizes=\"(max-width: 548px) 100vw, 548px\" src=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-5.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-5.jpg 548w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-5-300x129.jpg 300w\"\/><figcaption>Table 2: Common Terminology identified<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The transcript<br \/>\nwas then broken down again, to summarise the common themes according to their<br \/>\nuse from the bully and the victim.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-98485\" sizes=\"(max-width: 549px) 100vw, 549px\" src=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-6.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-6.jpg 549w, https:\/\/205207-619339-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bully-6-300x144.jpg 300w\"\/><figcaption>\ufeffTable 3: Common Themes identified<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The<br \/>\nprocess of breaking down the transcript according to the individuals involved<br \/>\nenabled the researcher to identify any emerging themes, no emerging themes<br \/>\nexisted in this research. A combination of qualitative data and quantitative<br \/>\ndata through the use of interviews and questionnaires, enabled the researcher to<br \/>\narrive at the following conclusions from the data gathered:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0The method that was not used in the validation<br \/>\nof data was focus groups. During the cross checking of the data obtained<br \/>\nthrough triangulation, it was felt that this method may be counterproductive as<br \/>\na risk to compromising the unique contribution of the individuals involved in<br \/>\nthe process.<\/p>\n<h2>10.0 Discussion of Results<\/h2>\n<p>As identified in the key<br \/>\nliterature (e.g. Katz 2012, Singh 2007), it was stated that the use of<br \/>\ntechnology is vitally important in the way teenagers communicate. It was also<br \/>\nhighlighted in previous studies conducted (e.g. Noret and Rivers 2010, Mintel<br \/>\n2013 and Mcafee 2013) that Cyber-Bullying is fast becoming an issue that is<br \/>\naffecting teenagers, not only in this country, but other countries too. Through<br \/>\nthe analysis of the data, the vast majority of students in Year 10 within the<br \/>\nSecondary High School are not or have not been Cyber-Bullied. However, of those<br \/>\nthat are currently being bullied through Cyber-Bullying, text messaging,<br \/>\npicture messaging and instant messaging are by far the most commonly used<br \/>\nmethod. The key results obtained from the questionnaire do raise some very<br \/>\ninteresting and thought provoking questions. The results suggest that 88% of<br \/>\nstudents that have been bullied, have been a victim of Cyber Bullying while at<br \/>\nschool. This in itself is a very high figure especially when the current<br \/>\nAnti-Bullying Policy stipulates that any student caught committing the bullying<br \/>\nwill face certain sanctions. The underlying question that exists is, is the<br \/>\ncurrent policy strong enough to deter those that engage in the harassment. Livingston<br \/>\nand Bober (2009) conducted research for 9 \u2013 19 year olds highlighting the fact<br \/>\nthe older students are more likely to be Cyber-Bullied, however contradicting<br \/>\nthis research is McAfee (2013) who found that on average children between the<br \/>\nages of 8-12 year olds are using between 3-4 internet abled devices including smart<br \/>\nphones and tablets which potentially leaves them vulnerable to becoming<br \/>\nCyber-Bullied. The analysis of results clearly shows that when students are<br \/>\nCyber-Bullied it lasts for between one month and six months, with six months<br \/>\nbeing the most common timeframe. The main focus of the research was to<br \/>\nunderstand how technology has facilitated Cyber-Bullying, the data that has<br \/>\nbeen collected uniquely identifies that there is no real differences to the<br \/>\ntechnology being used either by a bully or through which means the victim is<br \/>\nbeing reached during Cyber-Bullying, the key differences that do exist are the<br \/>\nimpact that this has on the individuals, however this research does not delve<br \/>\ninto the complexities of the emotional behaviours of the individuals.<br \/>\nTechnological advances allow for communication between individuals and groups<br \/>\nto be more prominent than in previous years, however certain technologies<br \/>\nappear both in this research and in research conducted 5 years ago. It is clear<br \/>\nfrom the literature review and the study conducted by Noret and Rivers (2010)<br \/>\nthat Instant Messaging is prevalent throughout, this coincides with the<br \/>\nresearch gathered in this study whereby this type of technology appears again<br \/>\nand used continuously both during and after school. <\/p>\n<p>The data that has been<br \/>\ngathered has enabled the researcher to make recommendations to the Secondary<br \/>\nHigh School concerned and in particular its Anti-Bullying Policy. The<br \/>\nrecommendations are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Creating a specific e-Safety Charter to the<br \/>\nSchool.<\/li>\n<li>Not allowing any students to enter school with<br \/>\nany mobile phone.<\/li>\n<li>Educate pupils through assemblies on a half<br \/>\ntermly basis of the impact of Cyber-Bullying.<\/li>\n<li>Greater sanctions for pupils found to be<br \/>\nCyber-Bullying.<\/li>\n<li>Encouraging parents to monitor their<br \/>\nSons\/Daughters internet activity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The students also make various recommendations to try and stop the Cyber-Bullying when it begins, changing phone numbers, switching off the device and informing members of staff at the school are all methods that they feel will enable them to stop becoming victims of Cyber-Bullies.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n<h2>11.0 Summary and Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>The<br \/>\nresearch conducted has frequently challenged the thoughts and feelings that<br \/>\nhave been collected through the key literature.\u00a0<br \/>\nResearch has been obtained and gathered that has questioned beliefs from<br \/>\nauthors and professionals that have been questioned and disproved. In some<br \/>\ninstances, the research that has been gathered has corresponded with beliefs<br \/>\nand the research has acted to support the claims made by the authors. The aim<br \/>\nof the research is to examine how the use of technology has facilitated Cyber-Bullying<br \/>\nin a Secondary High School setting and particular focussing on the Year 10<br \/>\ncohort within a Secondary High School. The aim has been thoroughly met through<br \/>\nthe extensive research conducted in the literature review by comparing the<br \/>\nliterature of authors and professionals, using data that has been collected<br \/>\nthrough other organisations and critically analysing this against the data<br \/>\ncollected at the Secondary High School.\u00a0<br \/>\nA concise definition of Cyber-Bullying still remains open for debate<br \/>\namongst authors. Common themes do exist between well-established authors (e.g.<br \/>\nAskew 1989, Herbert 1996 and Rigby 1996) however what is consistent is that<br \/>\nCyber-Bullying is repetitive, hurtful and deliberate acts towards the victims<br \/>\n(objective 1). The opportunity to critically analyse the technology used during<br \/>\nCyber-Bullying (objective 2) provided prospects to use real-life data and<br \/>\ncompare this data against organisations (McAfee 2013, Mintel 2013, NSPCC 2013) and<br \/>\nresults of data collected in Canada (Li 2006) and other authors (Livingston and<br \/>\nBober 2005, Patchin and Hiduja 2006). A common theme that occurs throughout is<br \/>\nthat as different technologies are being introduced to young people, the<br \/>\nCyber-Bullies are making use of these technologies. Through the use of questionnaires<br \/>\nand interviews, primary data was collected to analyse a cohort of Year 10<br \/>\nstudents (objective 3). The comparison of results and data from various means<br \/>\nand sources would allow the research conducted to make recommendation for the<br \/>\nAnti-Bullying Policy for the Secondary High School (objective 4). This<br \/>\nrecommendation would hopefully restrict the opportunities for Cyber-Bullying to<br \/>\ntake place at school as an update on the current policy would be implemented in<br \/>\npreparation for the new academic year in 2015.\u00a0<br \/>\n\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Throughout the completion of this research project, questions have arisen that need to be investigated further. The questions identified are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Do all Secondary High Schools have a strong<br \/>\nenough Anti-Bullying Policy in place to protect their students?<\/li>\n<li>Are teachers and staff doing enough in the<br \/>\nclassroom to deal with and stop Cyber-Bullying from occurring?<\/li>\n<li>Does the organisations that develop<br \/>\ncommunication enabled technology protect young people of all ages from being<br \/>\nCyber-Bullied?<\/li>\n<li>Are the laws that govern our society strong<br \/>\nenough to halt the continuous misuse of technology in relation to Cyber-Bullying?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This has been a very valuable research project and one that has highlighted the greater need to educate students, parents and school staff on an issue that sometimes goes unnoticed for periods of time. In an era when students are bombarded with the pressures of achieving good results, we sometimes miss the impact that Cyber-Bullying can have on individuals and those around them such as families, friends and the communities they represent. Alongside the pressures of achieving well, students also have to deal with looking good in their social circles, this includes having the latest technology or gadgets. As the research has suggested, we live in a world whereby technology plays an important role in our everyday lives and in particular from a social point of view, however what sometimes occurs when this technology is abused and misused results in negative behaviours towards others. These negative behaviours are either occurring in school or at home and what has been learnt from the research is that nowhere is safe for the victim if the bully is able to access any form of technology. <\/p>\n<h2>12.0 References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Askew, S. 1989. <em>Aggressive behaviour in Boys: to what extent is it institutionalised<\/em>. Stoke on Trent : Trentham Books.<\/li>\n<li>Audi R., 2011. <em>EPISTOMOLOGY: A Contemporary Introduction to the theory of knowledge<\/em>. Abingdon: Routledge.<\/li>\n<li>Belsey, B. 2014. <em>Cyberbullying<\/em> [online]. Available from: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cyberbullying.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>http:\/\/www.cyberbullying.ca\/<\/em><\/a> [accessed 9 October 2014]<\/li>\n<li>Berg B., Lune, H. 2014. <em>Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences<\/em>. 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The research sample is a whole [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8346],"tags":[9845,5294,9887,9867,9888,9889,9890,9886,9885],"class_list":["post-74998","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-technology-examples","tag-1-dissertation-writing-service-in-uk","tag-bishops-writing-bureau","tag-cn","tag-create-a-paper-using-the-following-criteria","tag-homework-help-assignment-answers","tag-in-1050-word-essay","tag-in-a-4-to-6-page-essay","tag-in-a-page-paper-assignment","tag-write-an-essay-in-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74998","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74998"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74998\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74998"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=74998"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.colapapers.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=74998"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}